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TITLE
CERTIFICATE-1
CERTIFICATE-2
DECLARATION
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABBREVIATIONS
PREFACE
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Medicinal Plants and their present day significance
1.2 Antibiotic resistance acquired by pathogenic microbes
1.3 Secondary metabolites of plants and their medicinalvalues
1.4 Antibacterial properties of plant products
1.5 Pteridophytes and their importance
1.6 Biological activity of Ferns
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Medicinal Plants and their antibacterial properties
2.3. Phytopharmaceuticals
2.3.1 Phytochemicals from lower group of plants (Lichens) and its biological activity
2.3.2 Phytochemicals from lower group of plants, especially from ferns and its biological activities.
2.3.3 Phytochemicals from Gymnosperms and their biological significance
2.3.4 Phytochemicals from Higher plants especially fromA ngiosperms, a brief report
2.4. Phytopaharmaceuticals from Pteridophytes especially Ferns
2.4.1 Terpenoids from ferns
2.4.2 Flavonoids from Ferns
2.4.3 Glycosides isolated from ferns
2.4.4. Alkaloids isolated from ferns
3. ANTIBACTERIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF FERNS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Procurement of plant materials
3.2.2 Preparation of plant extract
3.2.3 Bacterial strains
3.2.4 Maintenance of bacterial strains
3.2.5. The Inoculum
3.2.6. Mueller-Hinton agar
3.2.7 In vitro antibacterial assay
3.2.8 Plant extracts for second level of evaluation
3.2.9 Bacterial strains for the second level of evaluation
3.2.10 Antibacterial evaluation for the second level of evaluation
3.2.11 Preliminary detection of phytochemicals
3.3 Results and discussion
4. ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL PRINCIPLE FROM DRYNARIA QUERCIFOLIA
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Botany of Drynaria quercifolia
4.3 An outline of the phytochemistry and bioactivity of genusDrynaria
4.4 Materials and Methods
4.4.1 Collection of plant material
4.4.2 Preparation of crude extracts for isolating antibacterialcompound
4.4.3 In vitro antibacterial assay for hot extracts
Fig. 4.1. (a) Drynaria quercifolia habit
4.4.4 Preliminary detection of phytochemicals
4.4.5 Separation of the hot extract using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
4.4.6. Selection of suitable solvent system for fractionating acetone extract
4.4.7 Visualisation of substances on chromatogram
4.4.8 Column chromatographic separation
4.4.9. Determination of antibacterial activity of the compound
4.4.10 Preparation of the stock solution of the compound
4.4.11 Determination of the MIC and MBC of the compound
4.4.12 Spectroscopic studies
4.4.13 Statistical analysis
4.5 Results and Discussion
4.5.1 Antibacterial activity of crude extracts
Fig. 4.2 (a) Antibacterial activity of different extracts ofD. quercifolia towards Escherichia coli (MTCC-443)
Fig.4.2 (b) Antibacterial activity of different extracts ofD.quercifolia towards Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96)
Fig. 4.2 (c) Antibacterial activity of standard antibiotics (25?g/disc) towards Escherichia coli (MTCC-443)
Fig.4.2 (d) Antibacterial activity of standard antibiotics (25 ?g/disc) towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC-741)
Fig.4.2 (e) Yellow fluorescence spots in long wave U.V light
Fig.4.2 (f) Dark brown colour after spraying undiluted Folinciocalteu reagent indicates phenols in acetoneextract of D. quercifolia
4.5.2 Fractions separated from D. quercifolia using column chromatography
4.5.3 Characterization of active principle
4.5.4 Inferences of spectral analysis
4.5.5 Antibacterial activity of compound
Fig.4.4 (a) Antibacterial activity of the compound (X) towardsS. aureus; the control disc marked as (C)
Fig. 4.5. (a) Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the compound towards Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96); 10th test tubeas control; up to 5th tube no visible growth.
5. MODE OF ACTION OF THE COMPOUND
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Structurally similar compounds and their reported properties
5.3 Mode of action of non-antibiotic antibacterial agents
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY