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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ABSTRACT
KEY WORDS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ANNEXURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PROFILE
1.1 Concept of Women Entrepreneurship
1.2 Evolution of Women Entrepreneurship
1.3 Importance of Women Entrepreneurship
1.4 Women Entrepreneurship in India
1.4.1 Evolution of Women Entrepreneurship in India
1.4.2 Organisations Promoting Women Entrepreneurship in India
i. National Resource Centre for Women (NRCW)
ii. Women’s India Trust (WIT)
iii. Women Development Corporation (WDC)
iv. Development of Women and Children in Urban Area (DWCUA)
v. Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Karnataka (AWAKE)
vi. Working Women’s Forum (WWF)
vii. Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Small Scale Industries (AWESSI)
viii. Women’s Occupational Training Directorate
ix. Aid The Weaker Trust (ATWT)
x. Self- Employed Women’s Association (SEWA)
xi. Women Entrepreneurship of Maharashtra (WIMA)
xii. Self- Help Group (SHG)
xiii. The National Resource Centre for Women (NRCW)
xiv. Women Development Cells (WDC)
1.4.3 Financial Institutions Assisting Women Entrepreneurship in India
1.4.4 Participation of Women in SSI Sector in India
Table 1.1Participation of Women in SSI Sector in India -Third All India Census-2004 (Reference Period 2001-02)
1.4.5 Principal Characteristics of Women- managed SSI Units in India
Table 1.2Principal Characteristics of Women-managed SSI Units in India-Third All India Census-2004 (Reference Period 2001-02)
1.5 Women Entrepreneurship in Kerala
1.5.1 Evolution of Women Entrepreneurship in Kerala
1.5.2 Organisations Promoting Women Entrepreneurship in Kerala
i. Socio Economic Unit Foundation (SEU)
ii. Centre for Collective Learning and Action (SAHAYI)
iii. Kerala State Women’s Development Corporation (KSWDC)
iv. Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA)
v. Dalit Women’s Society (DWS)
vi. Women’s Endeavour
vii. Kerala State Women’s Industries Association (KSWIA)
1.5.3 Financial Institutions Assisting Women Entrepreneurship in Kerala
1.5.4 Participation of Women in SSI Sector in Kerala
Table 1.3Participation of Women in SSI Sector in Kerala -Third All India Census 2004 (Reference Period 2001-02)
1.5.5 Principal Characteristics of Women-managed SSI Units in Kerala
Table 1.4Principal Characteristics of Women-managed SSI Units in Kerala -Third All India Census -2004 (Reference Period 2001-02)
1.6 Women Entrepreneurship in Tamil Nadu
1.6.1 Evolution of Women Entrepreneurship in Tamil Nadu
1.6.2 Organisations Promoting Women Entrepreneurship in Tamil Nadu
i. The Integrated Women Development Institute
ii. The Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women Ltd.
iii. Women Entrepreneurship Promotional Association (WEPA)
iv. Marketing Organisation of Women Entrepreneurs (Regd.) (MOOWES)
1.6.3 Financial Institutions Assisting Women Entrepreneurship inTamil Nadu
1.6.4 Participation of Women in SSI Sector in Tamil Nadu
Table 1.5Participation of Women in SSI Sector in Tamil Nadu -Third All India Census- 2004 (Reference Period 2001-02)
1.6.5 Principal Characteristics of Women-managed SSI Units inTamil Nadu
Table 1.6Principal Characteristics of Women-managed SSI Units in Tamil Nadu -Third All India Census - 2004 (Reference Period 2001-02)
CONCLUSION
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Studies on Women Entrepreneurship in Other Countries
2.1.1 Reasons for Women Entrepreneurship
2.1.2 Characteristics and Status of Women Entrepreneurs
2.1.3. Scope of Activities of Women Entrepreneurs
2.1.4. Involvement of Government Agencies and Financial Institutionsin the Development of Women Entrepreneurship
2.1.5. Problems of Women Entrepreneurship
2.2 Studies on Women Entrepreneurship in India
2.2.1. Reasons for Women Entrepreneurship
2.2.2 Characteristics of Women Entrepreneurs
2.2.3. Scope of Activities of Women Entrepreneurs
2.2.4. Involvement of Government Agencies and Financial Institutions inthe Development of Women Entrepreneurship
2.2.5. Problems of Women Entrepreneurship
CONCLUSION
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Statement of the Problem
3.2 Scope of the Study
3.3 Objectives of the Study
3.4 Hypotheses
3.5 Variables Used for the Study
3.6 Selection of Sample
3.6.1 Selection of Sample Women Entrepreneurs
Table 3.1Women Entrepreneurs Selected for the Study
3.6.2 Selection of Sample Employees of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 3.2Employees Selected for the Study
3.6.3 Selection of Sample Government Agencies
Table 3.3Government Agencies Selected for the Study
3.6.4 Selection of Sample Financial Institutions
Table 3.4Financial Institutions Selected for the Study
3.7 Collection of Data
3.8 Tools of Analysis
3.9 Period of the Study
3.10 Limitations of the Study
4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE WOMENENTREPRENEURS IN KERALA AND TAMILNADU
4.1 Personal Profile of the Women Entrepreneurs Selected for the Study
4.1.1 Age
Table 4.1Age of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.1.2 Community
Table 4.2Community of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.1.3 Place of Birth
Table 4.3Place of Birth of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.1.4 Marital Status
Table 4.4Marital Status of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.1.5. Head of Household
Table 4.5Head of Household of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.1.6 Nature of Family
Table 4.6Nature of Family of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.1.7 Number of Members
Table 4.7Number of Members in the Family of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.1.8 Education
Table 4.8Educational Background of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.2 Business Profile of the Women Entrepreneurs Selected for the Study
4.2.1 Nature of Business
Table 4.9Nature of Business of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.2.2 Location of Business
Table 4.10Location of Business of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.2.3 Form of Business
Table 4.11Form of Business of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.2.4 Number of Owners in Business
Table 4.12Number of Owners in the Business of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.2.5 Number of Male Owners in Business
Table 4.13Number of Male Owners in the Business of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.2.6 Nature of Origin of Business
Table 4.14Nature of Origin of Business of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.2.7 Nature Ownership of the Premises
Table 4.15Nature of Ownership of the Premises of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.2.8 Year of Establishment of Business
Table 4.16Year of Establishment of the Business of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.2.9 Number of Employees in Business
Table 4.17Number of Employees in the Business of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.2.10 Management of Business
Table 4.18Management of the Business of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.2.11 Source of Funds of Business
Table 4.19Source of Funds of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.3 Socio-Economic Status of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.3.1 Position of Women Entrepreneurs in the Business
Table 4.20Position of the Women Entrepreneurs in the Business
4.3.2 Decision Making Power of Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.21Decision Making Power of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.3.3 Acceptance of Decisions of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.22Acceptance of Decisions of the Women Entrepreneurs
4.3.4 Power Exercised in Solving Business Problems
Table 4.23Degree of Power Exercised by the Women Entrepreneurs inSolving Business Problems
4.3.5 Efficiency in Managing the Business
Table 4.24Rating of the Efficiency of the Women Entrepreneurs by the Employees
4.3.6 Leadership Skills of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.25Rating of the Leadership Skills of the Women Entrepreneurs bythe Employees
4.3.7 Involvement in Social Activities
Table 4.26Involvement of the Women Entrepreneurs in Social Activities
4.3.8 Type of Involvement in Social Activities
Table 4.27Type of Involvement in Social Activities by the Women Entrepreneurs
4.3.9 Reason for Involvement in Social Activities
Table 4.28Reason for Involvement of the Women Entrepreneurs inSocial Activities
Table 4.29Reason for Involvement of the Women Entrepreneurs inSocial Activities (T-Test)
4.3.10 Nature of Social Activities
Table 4.30Nature of Social Activities Undertaken by the Women Entrepreneurs
4.3.11 Amount Spent on Social Activities
Table 4.31Amount Spent on Social Activities by the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.32Mean Score Comparison of the Amount Spent on Social Activitiesby the Women Entrepreneurs
4.3.12 Change in Number of Employees
Table 4.33Change in Number of Employees of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.34Mean Score Comparison of the Number of Employees of theWomen Entrepreneurs
4.3.13 Change in Total Assets
Table 4.35Change in Total Assets of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.36Mean Score Comparison of the Change in Total Assets of theWomen Entrepreneurs
4.3.14 Change in Fixed Assets
Table 4.37Change in Fixed Assets of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.38Mean Score Comparison of the Total Fixed Asset of theWomen Entrepreneurs
4.3.15 Changes in Working Capital
Table 4.39Change in Working Capital of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.40Mean Score Comparison of the Total Working Capital of theWomen Entrepreneurs
4.3.16 Change in Annual Turnover
Table 4.41Change in Annual Turnover of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.42Mean Score Comparison of the Annual Turnover of theWomen Entrepreneurs
4.3.17 Change in Annual Income
Table 4.43Change in Annual Income of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.44Mean Score Comparison of the Annual Income of theWomen Entrepreneurs
4.3.18 Change in Annual Expenditure
Table 4.45Change in Annual Expenditure of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.46Mean Score Comparison of the Annual Expenditure of theWomen Entrepreneurs
4.3.19 Change in Annual Savings
Table 4.47Change in Annual Savings of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.48Mean Score Comparison of the Annual Savings of theWomen Entrepreneurs
4.3.20 Skills/Qualities Developed through Entrepreneurship
Table 4.49Skills/Qualities Developed by the Women Entrepreneursthrough Entrepreneurship
Table 4.50Skills/Qualities Developed by the Women Entrepreneurs throughEntrepreneurship (T-Test)
4.3.21 Socio-Economic Status of the Women Entrepreneurs and OtherVariables
Table 4.51Socio-Economic Status of the Women Entrepreneurs andOther Variables (Before Entering Business)
Table 4.52Socio-Economic Status of the Women Entrepreneurs and Other Variables (After Entering Business)
(i) Decision Making Power in the Family
ii) Degree of Control Over the Property
(iii) Degree of Control Over the Investment
iv) Degree of Control Over the Income
(v) Degree of Control Over the Savings
(vi) Degree of Control Over Family Expenditure
(vii) Respect in the Family
(viii) Respect in the Society
(ix) Participation in Social Activities
(x) Participation in Political Activities
(xi) Giving Advice to Friends and Relatives
(xii) Freedom in Mobility
(xiii) Access to Information and Communication Technology
Table 4.53Socio-Economic Status of the Women Entrepreneurs andOther Variables (After Entering Business) (Chi-square Test)
Table 4.54Socio-Economic Status of the Women Entrepreneurs and Other Variables (After Entering Business) (Chi-square Test)
CONCLUSION
5. ROLE AND INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIESAND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENTOF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KERALA AND TAMIL NADU
5.1 Role and Involvement of Government Agencies in the Development ofWomen Entrepreneurship
5.1.1 Awareness of Government Agencies
Table 5.1Awareness of Government Agencies by the Women Entrepreneurs
5.1.2 Government Agencies Approached
Table 5.2Government Agencies Approached by the Women Entrepreneurs
5.1.3 Development/Support Services Utilised
Table 5.3Services Utilised by the Women Entrepreneurs from the Various GovernmentAgencies
Table 5.4Services Utilised by the Women Entrepreneurs from theVarious Government Agencies (T-Test)
5.1.4 Training Programmes Attended
Table 5.5Type of Training Attended by the Women Entrepreneurs fromthe Various Government Agencies
5.1.5 Skills Developed through Training
Table 5.7Skills Developed by the Women Entrepreneurs from theTraining Programme of Government Agencies
Table 5.8Skills Developed by the Women Entrepreneurs from the Training Programmeof Government Agencies (T-Test
5.1.6 Developments made with the Help of Government Agencies
Table 5.9Developments made with the Help of Government Agencies
Table 5.10Developments made with the Help of Government Agencies (T-Test)
5.1.7 Level of Satisfaction in the Training Schemes
Table 5.11Level of Satisfaction of the Women Entrepreneurs as to the TrainingProgrammes of Government Agencies
5.1.8 Level of Satisfaction in Other Development/ Support Services
Table 5.12Level of Satisfaction of the Women Entrepreneurs as to the OtherDevelopment/ Support Services of Government Agencies
5.1.9 Reasons for Satisfaction of the Development/Support Services
Table 5.13Reasons for Satisfaction of Development /Support Services of the GovernmentAgencies
5.1.10 Reason for Dissatisfaction of the Development /Support Services
Table 5.14Reasons for Dissatisfaction of the Development and Support Servicesof the Government Agencies
5.1.11 Government Agencies’ Perception as to the Various Aspects ofPerformance of the Women Entrepreneurs
(i) Project Identification
(ii) Project Preparation
(iii) Awareness of Promotional Institutions/ Schemes of the PromotionalInstitutions
(iv) Participation in Training/Seminars/Workshops
(v) Performance in Training/Seminars/Workshops
(vi) Performance after Training
(vii) Utilising Facilities of the Promotional Institutions
(vii) Utilising Loan Amount
(viii) Repayment of Loan
(ix) Running Business
(x) Expanding Business
(xi) Ability to Take Risk
(xii) Social Responsibility
(xiii) Decision Making
Table 5.15Government Agencies’ Perception as to the Various Aspects of Performanceof the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 5.16Proportion Test for Government Agencies’ Perception as to the VariousAspects of Performance of the Women Entrepreneurs
CONCLUSION
5.2 Role and Involvement of Financial Institutions in the Developmentof Women Entrepreneurship
5.2.1 Awareness of Financial Institutions
Table 5.17Awareness of Financial Institutions by the Women Entrepreneurs
5.2.2 Financial Institutions/Agencies Approached
Table 5.18Financial Institutions/Agencies Approached by the Women Entrepreneurs
5.2.3 Reason for Rejection of Loan Proposal
Table 5.19Reasons for Rejection of Loan Proposal of the Women Entrepreneursby the Financial Institutions
Table 5.20Reasons for Rejection of Loan Proposal of the Women Entrepreneursby the Financial Institutions (T-Test)
5.2.4 Awareness of the Lending Schemes
Table 5.21Awareness of the Women Entrepreneurs of the Various Lending Schemesof the Financial Institutions
5.2.5 Source of Information
Table 5.22Source of Information of the Women Entrepreneurs about the VariousLending Schemes of the Financial Institutions
5.2.6 Kind of Help Received
Table 5.23Kind of Help Received by the Women Entrepreneurs from theFinancial Institutions
5.2.7 Lending Schemes Utilised
Table 5.24Lending Schemes Utilised by the Women Entrepreneurs
5.2.8 Share of Borrowed Funds in the Investment at the Initial and PresentPeriod
Table 5.25Share of Borrowed Funds in the Total Investment at the Initial Period in theBusiness of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 5.26Share of Borrowed Funds in the Total Investment at Present in the Businessof the Women Entrepreneurs
5.2.9 Share of Financial Institutions in the Borrowed Funds at the Initialand Present Period
Table 5.27Share of Financial Institutions in the Borrowed Funds at the Initial Period inthe Business of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 5.28Share of Financial Institutions in the Borrowed Funds at Present in theBusiness of the Women Entrepreneurs
5.2.10 Developments made with the Help of Financial Institutions
Table 5.29Developments made with the Help of the Financial Institutions
Table 5.30Developments made with the Help of the Financial Institutions (T-Test)
5.2.11 Level of Satisfaction of the Women Entrepreneurs in the LendingSchemes
Table 5.31Level of Satisfaction of the Women Entrepreneurs in the Lending Schemesof the Financial Institutions
5.2.12 Reasons for Satisfaction in the Lending Schemes
Table 5.32Reasons for Satisfaction in the Lending Schemes of the Financial Institutions
5.2.13 Reasons for Dissatisfaction in the Lending Schemes
Table 5.33Reasons for Dissatisfaction in the Lending Schemes of theFinancial Institutions
5.2.14 Level of Satisfaction in the General Services
Table 5.34Level of Satisfaction of the Women Entrepreneurs in theGeneral Services of the Financial Institutions
5.2.15 Reasons for Satisfaction in the General Services
Table 5.35Reasons for Satisfaction in the General Services of the Financial Institutions
5.2.16 Reasons for Dissatisfaction in the General Services
Table 5.36Reasons for Dissatisfaction in the General Services of theFinancial Institutions
5.2.17 Financial Institutions’ Perception as to the Various Aspects ofPerformance of the Women Entrepreneurs
(i) Project Identification
(ii) Project Preparation
(iii) Awareness of Promotional Institutions/ Schemes of the Promotional
(iv) Participation in Training/Seminars/Workshops
(v) Performance in Training/Seminars/Workshops
(vi) Performance After Training
(vii) Utilising Facilities of the Promotional Institutions
(vii) Utilising Loan Amount
(viii) Repayment of Loan
(ix) Running Business
(x) Expanding Business
(xi) Ability to Take Risk
(xii) Social Responsibility
(xiii) Decision Making
Table 5.37Financial Institutions’ Perception as to the Various Aspects of Performanceof the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 5.38Proportion Test for Financial Institutions’ Perception as to the Various Aspectsof Performance of the Women Entrepreneurs
CONCLUSION
6. PROBLEMS OF THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSIN KERALA AND TAMIL NADU
6.1 Type of Problems of the Women Entrepreneurs
Table 6.1Type of Problems of the Women Entrepreneurs
6.2 Nature of Financial Problems
Table 6.2Nature of Financial Problems of the Women Entrepreneurs
6.3 Reasons for not Getting Adequate Credit
Table 6.3Reasons for the Women Entrepreneurs not Getting Adequate Creditfrom the Financial Institutions
6.4 Steps Taken to Solve Financial Problems
Table 6.4Steps Taken to Solve Financial Problems by the Women Entrepreneurs
6.5 Nature of Production Problems
Table 6.5Nature of Production Problems of the Women Entrepreneurs
6.6 Steps Taken to Solve Production Problems
Table 6.6Steps Taken to Solve Production Problems by the Women Entrepreneurs
6.7 Nature of Labour Problems
Table 6.7Nature of Labour Problems of the Women Entrepreneurs
6.8 Steps Taken to Solve Labour Problems
Table 6.8Steps Taken to Solve Labour Problems by the Women Entrepreneurs
6.9 Nature of Marketing Problems
Table 6.9Nature of Marketing Problems of the Women Entrepreneurs
6.10 Steps Taken to Solve Marketing Problems
Table 6.10Steps Taken to Solve Marketing Problems by the Women Entrepreneurs
6.11 Nature of Personal Problems
Table 6.11Nature of Personal Problems of the Women Entrepreneurs
6.12 Steps Taken to Solve Personal Problems
Table 6.12Steps Taken to Solve Personal Problems by the Women Entrepreneurs
6.13 Nature of Training Problems
Table 6.13Nature of Training Problems of the Women Entrepreneurs
CONCLUSION
7. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Findings of the Study
7.1.1 Socio-Economic Status of the Women Entrepreneurs in Kerala andTamil Nadu
7.1.2 Role and Involvement of Government Agencies and FinancialInstitutions in the Development of Women Entrepreneurship
7.2 Recommendations
1. Start Training Centres in Every District
2. Set up District Women Entrepreneurship Promotion Cell
3. Conduct Periodical Meeting of the Women Entrepreneurs
4. Improve the Quality of Service of the Government Agencies andFinancial Institutions
5.. Formulate Liberalised Loan Schemes to Women Entrepreneurs
6. Open Women SSI Bank Branch in Every District
7. Constitute Separate Section for Women Entrepreneurs in DICs
8. Provide Concession and Preference in Trade Fairs/Exhibitions
9. Create Good Employer-Employee Relationship
10. Change the Attitude towards Women Entrepreneurs
11. Conduct Periodic Inspection
12. Circulation of Brochures in Local Languages
13. Ensure Marketing of Women Products through Government Outlets
14. Develop Competitive Mind
15. Introduce Pension Scheme
Annexure I WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KERALAACOMPARATIVE STUDY WITH TAMIL NADU (Interview Schedule for the Women Entrepreneurs)
Annexure II WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KERALA-A COMPARATIVE STUDYWITH TAMIL NADU (Interview Schedule for Employees of the Women Entrepreneurs)
Annexure III WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KERALA-A COMPARATIVE STUDYWITH TAMIL NADU (Interview Schedule for Government Agencies)
Annexure IV WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KERALA- A COMPARATIVE STUDYWITH TAMIL NADU (Interview Schedule for Banks /Financial Institutions)
Annexure V District wise Number of Women SSI Units Registered in KeralaDuring 1996-2005
Annexure VI District –wise Participation of Women in Management/Ownership inSSI Sector in Kerala (Third All India Census- 2004 (Reference Period 2001-02)
Annexure VII District –wise Number of Women SSI UnitsRegistered in Tamil Nadu as on 31-3-2004 and 31-3-2005
Annexure VIII District –wise Participation of Women in Management/Ownership inSSI Sector in Tamil Nadu (Third All India Census 2004 (Reference Period 2001-02)
BIBILIOGRAPHY
A. Books
B. Journal Articles
C. Government Publications
D. Articles in News papers
E. Research Studies
F. Websites
INDEX