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TITLE
DEDICATION
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
PREFACE
ABBREVIATIONS
CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Figures
I. INTRODUCTION
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
II. 1. Major constraints of acid soils
II. 2. Distribution of acid soils
II. 3. Rubber growing soils in India
II. 4. Impact of rubber cultivation on soil properties
II. 5. Sources of soil acidity
II. 6. Forms of soil acidity
II. 7. Forms of Al
II. 8. Management of acid soils
II. 9. Lime requirement
II. 10. Liming materials
II. 11. Effect of liming on soil properties
II. 12. Crop responses to liming
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
III.1. Characterization of soil acidity in rubber growing soils
III.1.1. Collection of soil samples
Table-1. Details of the soil series
III.1.2. Physicochemical properties
III.1.2.1. Soil reaction (pH)
III.1.2.2. Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
III.1.2.3. Base saturation per cent
III.1.2.4. Particle size analysis
III.1.2.5. Organic carbon (OC)
III.1.3. Forms of acidity
III.1.3.I. Total potential acidity (TPA) (Peech , 1962)
III.1.3.2. Exchangeable acidity (EA) (Mc Lean, 1965)
III.1.3.3 pH dependent acidity (PA)
III.1.4. Forms of Al
III.I.4.I. Exchangeable Al (Ex. Al) (Mclean 1965)
III.I.4.2. Extractable Al (Extr. Al) (Mclean 1965)
III.I.4.3. Non exchangeable Al (Non Ex.Al)
III.I.4.4. Soluble Al (Sol. Al)
III.I.4.5. Total Al
III.I.4.6. Oxalate extractable and dithionate extractable Fe and Al
III.1.5. Total, DTPA extractable and exchangeable Mn and Fe
III.1.6. Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC)
III.1.7. Aluminium saturation per cent
III.2. Lime requirement (LR) ) of rubber growing soils
III.2.1. Shoemaker, Mc Lean and Pratt method (SMP method) (Shoemaker, 1961)
III.2.2. Peech method (BaCl2 -TEA method) (Peech, 1965)
III.2.3. Adams and Evans method (Adams and Evans, 1962)
III.2.4. Exchangeable Al method (Kamprath, 1970)
III.3. Effect of liming on nutrient availability - Incubation Experiment
III.4. Effect of liming on availability of nutrients and growth of rubber seedlings in the nursery
III.5. Effect of liming on translocation of calcium in different plant parts
III. 6. Comparative evaluation of liming materials on nutrient availability and growth of rubber seedlings in the nursery
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IV.1. Characterization of soil acidity in rubber growing soils
IV.1.1. Physicochemical properties of the soil
IV.1.1.1. Soil reaction- Soil pH in different solvents and lime potential
Table 2. Soil pH and lime potential
IV.1.1.2. Organic carbon (OC)
IV.1.1.3. Exchangeable bases
IV.1.1.3.1. Exchangeable calcium
IV.1.1.3.2. Exchangeable magnesium
IV.1.1.3.4. Exchangeable potassium
IV.1.1.4. Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
IV.1.1.5. Base saturation per cent (BS)
Table 3. Physicochemical properties of the soil
IV.1.1.6. Electrical conductivity (EC)
IV.1.1.7. Particle size analysis
Table 4. Particle size composition of the soil
Fig.1 Distribution of clay in different soil series
IV.1.2. Nature of Soil Acidity
IV.1.2.1. Total Potential Acidity (TPA)
Table 5. Forms of acidity in different soil series (cmol/kg)
IV.1.2.2. Exchangeable Acidity (EA)
IV.1.2.3. pH- dependent acidity (PA)
Fig. 2 Forms of acidity in different soil
Fig. 3 Relation between exchangeable acidity and exchangeable Al
IV.1.3. Forms of Al
IV.1.3.1. Exchangeable Al (Ex. Al)
Table 6. Forms of Al in different soil series
Fig.3 Forms of AI in different soil series
Fig. 5 Distribution of exchangeable Al and pH
IV.1.3.2. Soluble Al (Sol. Al)
IV.1.3.3. Extractable Al (Extr. Al)
IV.1.3.4 Non exchangeable Al (Non Ex.Al)
IV.1.3.5. Total Al
Fig.6 Distribution of total Al in different soil series
IV.1.4. Exchangeable, DTPA and Total Mn
Table 7. Exchangeable, DTPA and total Mn
Fig. 7. Distribution of exchangeable Mn in different soil series
Fig. 8 Distribution of DTPA – Mn in different soil series
Fig. 9 Distribution of total Mn in different soil series
IV.1.5. Exchangeable, DTPA and total Fe
Table 8. Exchangeable, DTPA extractable and total Fe
Fig. 10 Exchangeable Fe in different soil series
Fig. 11 Distribution of DTPA - Fe in different soil series
Fig. 12 Distribution of total Fe in different soil series
IV.1.6. Acid ammonium oxalate extractable Al (Alo) and Fe (Feo)
Table 9. Acid ammonium oxalate extractable Al (Alo) and Fe (Feo)
IV.1.7. Dithionate citrate bicarbonate extractable Al (Ald) and Fe (Fed)
Table 10. Dithionate citrate bicarbonate extractable Al (Ald) and Fe (Fed)
Fig. 13 Distribution of dithionate Al in different soil series
Fig 15 Distribution of oxalate Fe/dithionate Fe in different soil series
IV.1.8. Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC)
Table 11. Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC)
IV.1.9 Relation between pH and aluminium saturation percent
Table 12. Relation of pH with soluble Al and Al saturation
Fig.16 Relation between pH and Al saturation
IV.1.10. Correlation
Fig. 17 Effect of organic carbon on pH dependent acidity
Fig. 18 Effect of Free iron oxide on exchange acidity
IV.2 Lime requirement of rubber growing soils
IV.2.1 Estimation of Lime requirement
Fig. 19 Lime requirement by different methods
IV.2.2. Correlation between LR and soil properties
IV.3. Effect of liming on soil nutrient availability – Incubation study
IV.3.1 Pre-treatment nutrient status of soil
IV.3.2. Effect of liming on soil pH
Fig.20 Effect of liming on soil pH
IV.3.3 Effect of liming on soil organic carbon (OC)
Fig.21 Effectf liminon ornic carbon
IV.3.4 Effect of liming on available phosphorus
Table 20. Effect of liming on available P (ppm)
Fig.22 Effect of liming on availale phosorus
IV. 3.5 Effect of liming on available potassium and magnesium
Fig. 23 Effect of liming on available K
Fig.24 Effect of liming on available Mg
IV.3.6 Effect of liming on available calcium
Table 23. Effect of liming on available Ca (ppm)
Fig. 25 Effect of liming on available Ca
IV.3.7.Effect of liming on available micronutrients and exchangable Al
IV.4. Effect of liming on growth of rubber seedlings in the nursery
IV.4.1. Initial nutrient status of the soil
IV.4.2. ffect of liming on soil nutrient status- 15 day after liming
IV.4.3. Effect of liming on diameter of plants
Fig.26 Effect of liming on diameter of plants
IV.4.4.Effect of liming on the leaf nutrient concentration
Table 28. Effect of liming on leaf nutrient status
IV.4.5. Effect of liming on soil nutrient status- one year after liming
Table 29. Effect of liming on soil nutrient status (0-30 cm) -one year after liming
Table 30. Effect of liming on soil nutrient status (30-60cm) -one year after liming
IV.5 Effect of liming on translocation of calcium in different plant parts
IV.5.1 Effect of liming on dry matter production in budded stumps- glass house experiment
Fig.27 Effect of liming on dry matter production
IV.5.2. Effect of liming on nutrient content of leaves
IV.5.3. Efffect of liming on nutrient status of petiole
Table 34. Effect of liming on nutrient status of petiole
IV.5.4. Effect of liming on nutrient content of stem
IV.5.5. Effect of liming on nutrient content of root
Table 36. Effect of liming on nutrient content of root
IV.5.6 Influence of liming on uptake of nutrients
Table 37. Influence of liming on total nutrnt uptake (mg/pot)
IV.5.7. Effect of liming on soil available Ca and pH - after uprooting plants
Table 38. Effect of liming on available Ca and pH - after uprooting the plants
IV.6.Comparative evaluation of liming materials on nutrient availability and growth of rubber seedlings in the nursery
IV.6.1. Effect of liming materials on soil pH
Table 40. Effect of liming materials on soil pH
IV.6.2. Effect of liming materials on diameter (cm) of rubber seedlings
Table 41 Effect of liming materials on diameter of rubber seedlings
Fig. 28 Effect of different liming materials on diameter of rubber seedling
IV.6.3. Effect of liming materials on leaf nutrient status - one year after liming
IV.6.4 Effect of liming materials on soil nutrient status (0-15cm) - one year after liming
Table- 42. Effect of liming materials on nutrient status of the soil (0- 15cm) - oneTyear after liming
Table 43. Effect of liming materials on nutrient status of the soil (15-30cm) - one year after liming
IV.6.5 Residual effect of liming materials on growth and nutrient availability
Fig.29 Residual effect of different liming materials diameter of rubber seedings
Table 45. Residual effect of liming materials on soil nutrient status (0-30cm)
Table 46. Residual effect of liming materials on soil micronutrient status (0-30cm)
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. Characterization of soil acidity in rubber growing soils
2. Lime requirement of the rubber growing soils
3. Effect of liming on pH and nutrient availability-Incubation experiment
4. Effect of liming on availability of nutrients and growth of rubber seedlings in the nursery
5. Effect of liming on translocation of Calcium to different plant parts
6. Comparative evaluation of liming materials on growth of rubber seedlings
References
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