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Title
DEDICATION
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
List of tables
List of figures
1 Introduction
1.1 Origin and distribution
1.2 Narrow genetic diversity
1 3 Broadening the genetic base for biotic and biotic stresses
1 4 Germplasm resources
1.4.1 1981 Rubber Research and Devolopment Board (IRRDB) collection
1.4.2 Characterisation, evaluation and utilisation of wild germplasm
1.5 Genetic studies
1.5.1 Coefficients of variation
1.5.2 Heritability and genetic advance
1.5.3 Correlation
1.5.4 Genetic divergence
1.6 Objectives of the study
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Location
2.2 Experimental materials
1 List of genotypes selected for the study
2.3 Experimental methods
2.3.1 Descriptors for juvenile characterisation
2.3.2 Morphological characters
2.3.3 Stomatal characters
2.3.6 Photography
2.3.4 Leaf anatomical investigations
2.3.5 Bark anatomical investigations
2.4 Statistical methods
2.4.1 Genetic variability
2.4.1.1 Analysis of variance
2.4.2 Genetic parameters
2.4.2.1 Phenotypic and genotypic variance
2.4.2.2 Coefficients of variation
2.4.2.3 Heritability in the broad sense
2.4.2.4 Genetic advance
2.4.3 Correlation
2.4.4 Factor analysis
2.4.5 Genetic divergence
2.4.6 Performance index
3 Results
3 1 Juvenile characterisation
2 Descriptors and frequency of distribution of the wild genotypes
3 Description of the wild genotypes along with control as per the descriptor.
3.2 Genetic variability
3.2.1 Analysis of variance
4 ANOVA for the growth characters during the first year
5 ANOVA for test tap yield for the first three years
6 ANOVA for leaf structural characters in the third year
7 ANOVA for bark structural characters in the third year
3.2.2 General performance of the wild genotypes
3.2.2.1 Morphological characters
8 Range and general mean of growth characters in comparison with control.
9 Mean genotypic performance for the growth characters during first year
3.2.2.2 Test tap yield over three years
10 Range and general mean of test tap yield of wild genotypes and control
11 Mean test tap yield of the wild genotypes and the control
3.2.2.3 Leaf structural characters
12 Range and general mean of leaf structural characters in the third year
13 Mean values for the leaf structural characters in the third year
3.2.2.4 Bark structural characters
14 Range and general mean of bark structural characters in the third year
15 Mean values for bark structural characters in the third year
3.2.3 Provenance-wise comparison of performance
3.2.3.1 Morphological characters
3.2.3.2 Test tap yield over three years
16 Provenance-wise performance for growth characters in the first year
3.2.3.3 Leaf structural characters
17 Provenance-wise performance for test tap yield over three years
18 Provenance-wise comparison for leaf structural characters in third year
3.2.3.4 Bark structural characters
3.3 Genetic parameters
19 Provenance-wise performance for bark structural characters in third year
3.3.1 Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation
3.3.1.1 Morphological characters
20 Coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance for growth characters in the first year
3.3.1.2 Test tap yield over three years
21 Coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance for test tap yield over three years.
3.3.1.3 Leaf structural characters
22 Coefficient of variation, heritabilty and genetic advance for leaf structural characters in the third year
3.3.1.4 Bark structural characters
3.3.2 Heritability (broad sense)
3.3.2.1 Morphological characters
23 Coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance for bark structural characters in the third year
3.3.2.2 Test tap yield over three years
3.3.2.3 Leaf structural characters
3.3.2.4 Bark structural characters
3.3.3 Genetic advance
3.3.3.1 Morphological characters
3.3.3.2 Test tap yield over three years
3.3.3.3 Leaf structural characters
3.3.3.4 Bark structural characters
3.4 Character associations
3.4.1 Morphological characters
24 Correlation coefficients of growth characters with yield in the first year
3.4.2 Leaf structural characters
25 Correlation coefficients of leaf structural characters with yield in the third year
3.4.3 Bark structural characters
26 Phenotypic correlation coefficients of bark structural characters with yield in the third year
27 Genotypic correlation coefficients of bark structural characters with yield in the third year
28 Environmental correlation coefficients of bark structural characters with yield in the third year
3.5 Factor analysis
29 Factor loadings and communalities of the pooled characters
3.6 Genetic divergence- D² analysis
30 Distribution of wild genotypes in divergent clusters
31 Inter and Intra-cluster distances in D2analysis in the wild genotypes
3.7 Performance index
32 Wild genotypes ranked on the basis of performance index
33 Mean values of selected characters for the selected genotypes
4 Discussion
4.1 Juvenile characterisation
4.2 Genetic variability
4.2.1 Analysis of variance
4.2.2 Performance of the wild genotypes
4.2.2.1 Morphological characters
4.2.2.2 Test tap yield over three years
4.2.2.3 Leaf structural characters
4.2.2.4 Bark structural characters
4.2.3 Provenance-wise performance of the wild genotypes
4.2.3.1 Morphological characters
4.2.3.2 Test tap yield over three years
4.2.3.3 Leaf structural characters
4.2.3.4 Bark structural characters
4.3 Genetic parameters
4.3.1 Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation
4.3.1.1 Morphological characters
4.3.1.2 Test tap yield over three years
4.3.1.3 Leaf structural characters
4.3.1.4 Bark structural characters
4.3.2 Heritability (broad sense)
4.3.2.1 Morphological characters
4.3.2.2 Test tap yield over three years
4.3.2.3 Leaf structural characters
4.3.2.4 Bark structural characters
4.3.3 Genetic advance
4.3.3.1 Morphological characters
4.3.3.2 Test tap yield over three years
4.3.3.3 Leaf structural characters
4.3.3.4 Bark structural characters
4.4 Character associations
4.4.1 Morphological characters
4.4.2 Leaf structural characters
4.4.3 Bark structural characters
4.5 Factor analysis
4.6 Genetic divergence- D² analysis
4.7 Performance index
1 A wild genotype (AC 426) showing hemispherical, distantly placed leaf storeys
2 A wild genotype (AC 995) showing truncate, closely placed leaf storeys, with short petioles
3 A wild genotype (AC 966) showing open leaf storey, with very long petioles placed at acute angles
4 A wild genotype (RO 322) showing tall habit, with intermediately separated leaf storeys
5 Leaflets showing elliptical (AC 604) and obovate (RO 316) shape
6 Leaflets showing variations in size
7 A wild genotype (MT 922) showing prominent extra floral nectaries
8 Leaflets of two genotypes (RO 322, RO 330), showing dull and glossy nature
9 Leaflets showing irregular (RO 886) (below) and smooth (RO 879) (above) leaf laminae
10 Wild genotypes showing short, long and medium long petioles
11 A wild genotype (AC 979) showing well separated leaf laminae with downwardly oriented petiolules
12 Leaves of a wild genotype (AC 453) having curved leaflet margins (which gives boat shaped cross-sectional appearance of the leaflets
13 -14 Sectional view of laminae of two Acre genotypes
15-16 Sectional view of laminae of two Rondonian genotypes
17-18 Sectional view of laminae of two Mato Grosso genotypes
19 Cross sectional view of the lamina of an Acre genotype having thin midrib
20 Cross sectional view of the lamina of an Acre genotype having thick midrib
21 Cross sectional view of the lamina of a Rondonian genotype (RO 328), having thin midrib
22 Cross sectional view of the lamina of a Rondonian genotype (RO 369), having thick midrib
23 Cross sectional view of the lamina of a Mato Grosso genotype (MT 901), having thin midrib
24 Cross sectional view of the lamina of a Mato Grosso genotype (MT 945), having thick midrib
25-26 Cross sectional view of the laminae of two Acre genotypes having thin and thick palisade layer
27-28 Cross sectional view of the laminae of two Rondonian genotypes having thin and thick palisade layer
29-30 Cross sectional view of the laminae of two Mato Grosso genotypes having thin and thick palisade layer
31-32 Cross sectional view of the laminae of two Acre genotypes having thin and thick spongy tissues
33-34 Cross sectional view of the laminae of two Rondonian genotypes having thin and thick spongy layer
35-36 Cross sectional view of the laminae of two Mato Grosso genotypes having thin and thick spongy layer
37-39 Sections of the bark of a wild genotype showing the alignment of tissues in transverse, tangential longitudinal and radial longitudinal sections
40-41 Radial longitudinal sections of the bark of two Acre genotypes with low number of latex vessel rows distantly placed and more number of latex vessel rows closely placed
42-43 Radial longitudinal sections of the bark of two Rondonian genotypes ith low number of latex vessel rows distantly placed and more number of latex vessel rows closely placed.
44-45 Radial longitudinal sections of the bark of two Mato Grosso genotypes with low number of latex vessel rows distantly placed and with more number of latex vessel rows closely placed
46-47 Laticifers of Acre genotypes - narrow and large laticifers
48-49 Laticifers of Rondonian genotypes - narrow and large laticifers
50-51 Laticifers of Mato Grosso genotypes - narrow and large laticifers
52-3 Tangential longitudinal sections of the bark of two Acre genotypes with lesser and more number of laticifers
54-55 Tangential longitudinal sections of the bark of two Rondonian genotypes with lesser and more number of laticifers
56-57 Tangential longitudinal sections of the bark of two Mato Grosso genotypes with lesser and more number of laticifers
58 Epidermal peeling of the adaxial surface of the lamina showing absence of stomata
59 Epidermal peeling of the abaxial surface of the lamina showing stomata
5 Summary
References