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  • TITLE
  • DECLARATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • LIST OF TABLES
  • LIST OF EXHIBITS AND DIAGRAMS
  • 1. Introduction
  • Objectives of the Study
  • Methodology of the Study
  • Outline of the Study
  • 2. Technology and Economic Development – An Overview
  • The Classical Approach
  • The Neo classical Approach
  • Rate and Direction of Technological Change
  • The Marxian Approach
  • The Gandhian Approach
  • The Systemic Approach
  • Technology and Culture
  • Culture and Transformation
  • Determinants of Agricultural Technology Development
  • Population Growth and Technological Change
  • Environments and Technology
  • Resource Endowments and Technology
  • Profit Motive and Technology
  • 3. Traditional Agriculture -- A Historical Sketch
  • Introduction
  • The Pre-agriculture Phase
  • Agriculture as Technology Per se
  • The Age of human Settlements and the Spread of Agriculture
  • Traditional Agriculture - Early Phase
  • 3.1 Landscape ecosystems, peoples and means of subsistence in Tamilakam
  • Tools and the History of Technology
  • Developments in Farm Implements and Social Transformations
  • Plough Agriculture - A Radical Technology Change
  • Plough Technology and Social Stratification
  • The Transformation of Kerala
  • Farming Systems in Traditional Agriculture
  • Traditional Agriculture and Indigenous Knowledge
  • The Concept of Njattuvela
  • 3.1 Njattuvela Calendar
  • Environment and Culture - Its Role in Traditional Agriculture
  • Religion and the Caste System in Traditional Agriculture
  • 4. Green Revolution - Rationale and History
  • Introduction
  • The Rationale of Green Revolution
  • A Brief History of the Development of the Green Revolution strategy
  • Background of the India Green Revolution and the Traditional Phase
  • Independent India and the American Relations
  • The New Agricultural Strategy
  • History of Agricultural Research in India
  • Supply and Demand Factors in Research
  • The Indian Experience of Green Revolution
  • Miracle Seeds and the Green Revolution Technology
  • 4.1 An overall view of trends in agricultural inputs - India for the period from 1950-51 to 1992-93
  • 4.2 Decadal percentage change in area under HYVs and use of agricultural inputs -- India from 1950-51 to 1990-91
  • The Punjab, Haryana and Tamilnadu Experiences
  • Green Revolution in Kerala
  • 4.3 Trends in area, production and yield in Kerala, 1966 to 1975 and their indices
  • 4.4 Trends in production and yield in paddy in Kerala for the period from 1975-76 to 1989-90
  • 4.5 Fertiliser consumption in Kerala 1961 to 88
  • 4.6 Fertiliser consumption, rice productivity and their indices 1971 to 1987-88
  • 4.7 Consumption of fertilisers in Kerala for all crops in tonnes
  • 5. Agricultural Practices in the Traditional and the Green Revolution Phases in Kuttanad
  • Introduction
  • The Socio-economic Situation in the Early and the Pre-modern Phases in Travancore
  • Kuttanad - History and Physical Features
  • 5.1 Agronomic zones in Kuttanad
  • Traditional Farming Practices and Relations in Kuttanad
  • Technology (practices) and Traditional Agrarian Relations in Kuttanad
  • 5.2 Caste and Agrarian Hierarchy in the Traditional Kerala (Travancore) Society
  • Developments in the Pre-modern Phase
  • Kayal Reclamations and Capitalist Farming in Kutttanad
  • Mechanisation, Scale and Output
  • 5.3 List of kayal land reclaimed
  • Changes in Agrarian Practices and Relations In Kuttanad under Green Revolution
  • Application of Chemical Inputs
  • 6. An Evaluation of Green Revolution - Its Claims and Consequences
  • The Effect of Green Revolution on Employment
  • 6.1 Displacement of labour under Kuttanad Green Revolution strategy
  • Off-farm Input Structure
  • 6.2 Index number of prices received and prices paid by farmers, 1953-54 to 1980
  • 6.3 HYVs developed in the rice research station, Moncompu from 1968 to 1990
  • Green Revolution and Environment
  • 6.4 Increase /decrease in the quantities of input sold in Kuttanad between 1980 to 1990
  • 7. New Trends in Technology Development in Post Green Revolution Agriculture and the GALASA in Kuttanad
  • Introduction
  • A Review of the Post-Green Revolution Initiatives in Kuttanad
  • One rice-one fish system of Integrated Farming
  • A case of individual initiative in organic farming
  • Group Approach for Locally Adaptable and Sustainable Agriculture (GALASA)
  • 7.1 Difference in the cost of production in Palakkad, 1999GALASA and non-GALASA - A comparison
  • GALASA in Kuttanad
  • Location of the GALASA study area
  • 7.2 Details of Puncha Crop in the Ramankary Block Kuttanad 2000-01
  • 7.3 Kavalam Panchayat Physical area.
  • 7.4 Kavalam Panchayat, Area under different Crops (in hectares)
  • 7.5 Distribution of Land Holdings by size in Kavalam Panchayat.
  • 7.6 Details of Padashekarams in the Kavalam Grama Panchayat
  • 7.7 Distribution of holdings under GALASA and in the Panchayat according to size.
  • Leasing, Occupation, Gender, Age and Educational Status
  • 7.8 Classification of total holdings based on own-cultivation or leased out- the period under GALASA, 2000-01 to 2002-03.
  • 7.9 Classification of Farmers under GALASA based on Main Occupation (Head of Household)
  • 7.10 Classification of Farmers under GALASA based on gender
  • 7.11 Classification of Farmers under GALASA based on Age (Head of Household)
  • Changes in the Farming Operations under GALASA
  • 7.12 Classification of Farmers under GALASA based on Education (Head of Household)
  • Input Cost and Yield Position under GALASA
  • 7.13 Average Expenses for Paddy Cultivation per acre under GALASA, Kuttanad (2003)
  • Cost Structure (operation-wise) in the Traditional, Green Revolution and the GALASA
  • 7.14 Yield & Net returns under GALASA in per Acre - 2003.
  • 7.15 A comparison on expenses for paddy cultivation per Acre under Traditional phase, Green revolution& GALASA.
  • The Elements of Sustainability in GALASA
  • 7.16 Yield & net returns under Traditional phase, Green revolution & GALASA in per Acre.
  • 7.17 Classification of farmers under GALASA Based on the distance between residence and the field
  • 8. Paradigm Shifts in Technology Development in the Traditional, Green Revolution and Post Green Revolution Phases of Agriculture - An Overview
  • Pattern of Technology Development and Transfer in the Traditional Phase
  • The Case of Kuttanad
  • Transfer of Technology in Traditional Agriculture
  • 8.1 Location-specific Cultivator 1 Society- driven Technology Development and Transfer System in Traditional Agriculture
  • The Pattern of Technology Development and Transfer in the Green Revolution Phase
  • 8.2 Green Revolution, Scientist-driven Technology Development and Transfer System.
  • 8.1 Trend in Pesticide Sales, Kuttanad (2000-01 to 2002-03) (in litres)
  • 8.3 Transitional, Participatory Technology Development and Transfer System
  • 8.4 Evolving, Sustainable Farmer-Scientist Participatory Technology Development and Transfer System
  • 9. Summary and Conclusions Bibliography
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY