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  • TITLE
  • DEDICATION
  • DECLARATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • PREFACE
  • 1. NUCLEATION PHENOMENON
  • 1.1 Crystals and Crystal Growth
  • 1.2 Nucleation
  • 1.3 Energy of Formation in Homogeneous Nucleation
  • 1.3 (i) Spherical nucleus
  • 1.3 (ii) Cylindrical nucleus
  • 1.4 Nucleation Rate
  • 1.5 Limitations of Classical Nucleation Theory
  • 1.6 Experimental Study of Nucleation
  • 1.6 (i) Nucleation studies in vapor
  • 1.6 (ii) Nucleation studies in solution
  • 1.7 Induction Period
  • 1.8 Experimental Determination of Induction Period
  • 1.8 (i) Conductivity method
  • 1.8 (ii) Turbidity method
  • 1.8 (iii) Dilatometer method
  • 1.8 (iv) Visual observation method
  • 1.9 Heterogeneous Nucleation
  • 1.10 Ostwald Ripening
  • References
  • 2. PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS UNDER ELECTRIC FIELD: A CRITICAL APPROACH
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Theoretical Works
  • 2.3 Experimental Reports
  • 2.3 (i) Liquid droplets in vapor
  • 2.3 (ii) Bubble formation in liquids
  • 2.3 (iii) Crystal nucleation in solution
  • 2.3 (iv) Crystallization of proteins
  • 2.3 (v) Crystal formation in gel
  • 2.3 (vi) Phase separation in glasses
  • 2.3 (vii) Other changes
  • References
  • 3. A REVIEW OF THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Nucleation of Crystals in Solution
  • 3.3 Growth Rate of Crystals in Solution
  • 3.4 Effects on Crystallized Products
  • 3.4 (i) Sodium nitrate crystals
  • 3.4 (ii) Potassium sulfate and urea
  • 3.4 (iii) Silver chloride
  • 3.4 (iv) Barium sulfate crystals
  • 3.5 Oriented Growth in Solution
  • 3.6 Oriented Growth in Thin Films
  • 3.7 Effect on Crystals Grown in Gel
  • 3.8 Crystallization of Proteins and Macromolecules
  • 3.9 Crystallization in Czochralski and Bridgman Techniques
  • References
  • 4. THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF CRYSTAL NUCLEATION IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Crystal Nucleation under Electric Fields
  • 4.2 (i) Free energy of formation under electric fields
  • 4.2 (ii) Equilibrium concentration of nuclei under electric fields
  • 4.2 (iii) Numerical analysis
  • 4.2 (iv) Nucleation rate of crystals under electric fields
  • 4.3 Crystal Nucleation under Magnetic Fields
  • 4.3 (i) Magnetic contribution to free energy of formation
  • 4.3 (ii) Energy barrier to nucleation under magnetic fields
  • 4.4 Conclusion
  • References
  • 5. NUCLEATION STUDIES IN SITTING DROPS AND BULK SOLUTION PLACED IN ELECTRIC FIELDS
  • 5.1 Design and Fabrication
  • 5.1 (i) Experimental cell
  • 5.1 (ii) Constant temperature chamber
  • 5.1 (iii) Temperature control unit
  • 5.2 Nucleation Study in Sitting Drops
  • 5.2 (i) Sodium chloride
  • 5.2 (ii) Pottassium chloride
  • 5.2 (iii) Pottassium dihydrogen phosphate
  • 5.2 (iv) Bis-thiourea zinc chloride
  • 5.2 (v) Measurement of dielectric constants
  • 5.3 Nucleation Study in Bulk Solution
  • 5.4 Conclusion
  • References
  • 6. NUCLEATION AND GROWTH OF CRYSTALS UNDER MAGNETIC EXPOSURE
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Growth of Crystals in Gel Medium
  • 6.2 (i) Preparation and structure of silica gels
  • 6.2 (ii) Preparation and structure of agarose gels
  • 6.2 (i) Diffusion of solute in gel
  • 6.2 (iv) Suspension of crystals
  • 6.2 (v) Influence of gel on crystal nucleation
  • 6.3 Nucleation and Growth of Calcium Tartrate Crystals
  • 6.3 (i) Magnetic field set-up
  • 6.3 (ii) Sample Preparation
  • 6.3 (iii) Application of magnetic fields
  • 6.3 (iv) Powder XRD studies
  • 6.3 (v) IR spectra
  • 6.3 (vi) Measurement of magnetic moment
  • 6.3 (vii) Scanning electron microscopy
  • 6.4 Results and Discussion
  • 6.4 (i) Number and average size of crystals
  • 6.4 (ii) Powder XRD data
  • 6.4 (ii) IR spectra
  • 6.4 (iv) Magnetic moment
  • 6.4 (v) SEM observation
  • 6.5 Nucleation, Growth and Charactarization of Praseodymium Tartrate Crystals
  • 6.5 (i) Preparation of gel
  • 6.5 (ii) Magnetic exposure and formation of crystals and Liesegang rings
  • 6.5 (iii) Scanning electron microscopy
  • 6.5 (iv) Powder XRD studies
  • 6.5 (v) Vibrating sample magnetometry
  • 6.5 (vi) Infrared spectroscopy
  • 6.6 Discussion of Results
  • 6.6 (i) Crystal formation
  • 6.6 (ii) Liesegang rings
  • 6.6 (iii) SEM micrographs
  • 6.6 (iv) X- ray diffraction peaks
  • 6.6 (v) IR spectra of the samples
  • 6.7 Nucleation of Calcium Carbonate Crystals in Solution
  • 6.7 (i) Experiment
  • 6.7 (ii) Particle size analysis
  • 6.7 (iii) Optical micrographs
  • 6.7 (iv) XRD data
  • References
  • 7. CONCLUDING NOTES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Impact of Electric Fields
  • 7.3 Impact of Magnetic Fields
  • 7.4 Scope for Future Research
  • References