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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
PREFACE
PART I
1. Importance of Physics of Small Particles
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Importance of Small Particle Research
1.3 Existing Knowledge
1.4 Work Undertaken in the Present Study
References
2. Preparation and Stability of Suspensions of small particles 3 Experimental techniques
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methods of Preparation
2.2.1 Dispersion Methods
1. Dispersion by Irradiation with Ultrasonic waves
2. Electrical Dispersion
3. Dispersion by Chemical Means
2.2.2 Condensation Methods
2.3 Electrical Charge and Stability
2.3.1 Electrostatic Stabilisation
2.3.2 Steric Repulsion
2.4 Aggregation
References
3. Experimental Techniques
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy
Fig. 3.1. Schematic diagram of an electron microscope.
Fig. 3.2. Illustrating schenaticaly Bragg reflection from planes in a thin crystal
3.3 Laser Raman Spectroscopy
Fig.3.3 Block diagram of laser Raman spectrophotometer.
3.4 Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX)
3.6 X-Ray Analysis
3.6 Ultrasonic Interferometers
3.6.1 Pulse-echo Technique
3.6.2 Pulse-echo Overlap Method (PE0)
Fig. 3.4. Block diacjram of the equipment for PEO measurement with broad pulser.
3.6.3 Ultrasonic Attenuation
References
PART II
4. Crystal structure of small particles
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Crystal Structure of Small Particles of Silver
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Experiment and Observation
Fig. 4.1. Histogram of silver particles
Fig.4.2 Electron micrograph of suspensions of silver particles (Magnification x 51493)
Fig.4-3 Electron diffraction pattern of aggregates of silver particles.
Fig.4.4 Electron diffraction pattern of a thin film ofgold.
4.2.3 Discussion
4.3 Crystal Structure of Silver Iodide and Mercuric Iodide
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Experiment and Observation
4.3.2 Discussion
Fig. Captions
4.4 Crystal Structure of Microclusters of ArseniousTrisulphide
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Discussion
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Aggregation of small particles
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Van der Waals attraction
5.1.2 Electrostatic Repulsion
5.1.3 Diffusion Limited Aggregation
5.1.4 Reaction Limited Aggregation
5.1.5 Characterisation of the Aggregates
5.1.6 Work Included in this Chapter
5.2 Aggregation of Microclusters of Sulphur
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Experiment and Observation
5.2.3 Discussion
Fig. Captions
Fig. Captions
5.3 Aggregation of Small Particles of Silver
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Experiment and Observation
5.3.3 Discussion
5.4 Aggregation of Microclusters of AgI and Hg12
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Experilnent and Observation
5.4.3 Discussion
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. Interaction between small particles
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Interaction between Nicroclusters of Silver and Arsenious Trisulphide
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Experiment and Observation
Fig.6.1 Electron diffraction pattern of aggregates of
Fig. 6.2. X-ray diffraction pattern of the product of interaction between clusters of Ag and As2S3.
6.2.3 Discussion
6.3 Interaction between Small Particles of AgI and Hg12
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Experiment and Observation
Fig.6.3 Electron diffraction pattern of aggregates ofparticles of the product of interactionbetween small particles of AgI and Hg12.
Fig. 6.4. X-ray diffraction pattern of the product ofinteraction between small particles of AgI and Hg12.
6.3.3 Discussion
6.5 Conclusion
References
PART III
7. Laser Raman study of microclusters of sulphur
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Experiment and Observation
7.3 Discussion
Fig. 7.1. LRS of suspensions of smaller particles of sulphur
Fig. 7.2. LRS of suspensions of larger particles of. s lphur.
7.4 Conclusion
References
8. Study of laser Raman spectra of nano particles of silver iodide and mercuric iodide
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Experiment and Observation
8.3 Discussion
Fig. 8.1. LRS of nanoparticles of AgI
Fig. 8.2. LRS of nanoparticles of Hg12.
8.4 Conclusion
Reference
9. Laser Raman study of interaction between microclusters of silver iodide and mercuric iodide
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Experiment and Observation
9.3 Discussion
Fig. 9.1. LRS of the product of interaction between AgI and Hg12 culsters.
9.4 Conclusion
References
PART IV
10. Pattern formation - A Review
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Liesegang Ring Phenomenon
10.3 Pattern Formation in Initially Uniform Suspensions
10.4 Theory of Instability and Pattern Formation
10.5 Pattern Formation in Interacting Suspensions
10.6 Growth and Morphology of Composite Clusters
References
11. Pattern formation in interacting suspensions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Experiment and Observation
11.2.1 Preparation
11.2.2 Electron Microscopy, Electron Diffraction Analyses
11.2.3 Straight Tube Experiments
11.2.4 U-Tube Experiments
11.2.5 Effect of pH
Fig. Captions
11.2.6 Analysis of the Product of Interaction
11.2.7 Estimation of Diffusion Coefficient
11.3 Discussion
11.4 Conclusion
References
12. Growth and morpholgy of composite clusters
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Experiment and Observation
12.3 Discussion
Fig.12.1 & 12.2 Electron micrographs of suspensions ofparticles of the product of interactionbetween AgI and Hg12.
Fig.12.3 Electron diffraction pattern of aggregates ofparticles of the product of interaction infresh suspensions.
12.4 Conclusion
References
PART V
13. Ultrasonic study of suspensions of small particles of sulphur
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Experiment and Observation
13.3 Discussion
Fig. 13.1. Variation of Ultrasonic velocity
Fig. 13.2. Variation of compressibility of sulphur particles with volume percentage of sulphur solution in the suspension.
13.4 Conclusion
References
14. Ultrasonic study of suspensions of small particles of silver iodide
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Experiment and Observation
14.3 Discussion
Fig. 14.1. Variation of compressibility of the suspension with concentration of small particles of AgI.
Fig. 14.2. Variation of compressibility of small articles of AgI with concentration of the particles.
Fig. 14.3. Variation of ultrasonic velocity with temperature.
Fig. 14.4. Variation of ultrasonic & ternation with concentration of small particles of AgI in the suspension.
14.4 Conclusion
References