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Title
CERTIFICATE-1
CERTIFICATE-2
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
Preface
Research Papers Presented in National/International symposium
1. THEORY OF CONDUCTIVITY AND PHASE TRANSITION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Anisotropic Conduction
1.3 Dielectrics
1.4 Measurement of Dielectric Tensor
1.5 Theoretical Background
1.5.1 Electric Polarisation
1.6 Conductivity Measurement Theory
1.6.1 Theory of DC Conductivity
1.6.2 DC Conductivity Measurement Methods
1.6.3 General Methods of Measurements
1.6.4 Ohm Meter and Voltmeter -Ammeter Measurements
1.6.5 Potential Probe Method
1.6.6 Spreading Resistance Method
1.6.7 Four- Point Probe Method
1.6.8 Electrometer Method
1.7 Theory of Dielectrics and AC Conductivity
1.7.1 Dielectric Materials
1.7.2 General Theory
1.7.3 Behaviour of Dielectrics in Time Varying Field
1.7.4 Complex Plane Analysis
1.7.5 Dielectric Relaxation and Loss
1.7.6 Dielectric Relaxation
1.7.7 Static and Optic Dielectric Constant
1.7.8 Temperature Dependence of Relaxation Time
1.7.9 Interpretation of the Dielectric Behaviour
1.7.10 AC Electrical Response of Ionic Conductors
1.7.11 Summary
1.8 Theory of Phase Transition
1.8.1 Introduction
1.8.2 Types of Phase Transition
1.8.3 Landau Theory of Phase Transition
1.8.4 Dielectric Relaxation and Dielectric Spectra in the Ferroelectric Phase Transition
References
2. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conductivity Measurement Methods
2.2.1 DC Electrical Conductivity Measurements
2.2.2 Alternating Currents Bridge Method
2.3 The Conductivity Cell
Fig. 2.6: Details of the conductivity cell
2.4 DC Conductivity Measurements
2.5 AC Conductivity Measurements
2.5.1 Factors Affecting Impedance Spectroscopy Experiment
Fig. 2.8: AC conductivity measurement setup
Fig. 2.9: DC conductivity and dielectric measurement setup
2.6 Sample Preparation
2.6.1 Crystal Growth from Solution
2.7 Constant Temperature Bath
Fig. 2.11: Photograph of the crystal growth setup
2.8 Identification of the Faces using Stereographic Projection
2.9 Crystal Cutting and Polishing
References
3. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND PHASE TRANSITION STUDIES OF ZINC SELENATE HEXAHYDRATE SINGLE CRYSTAL
3.1 Literature Review
3.2 Experimental Technique
3.2.1 Sample Preparation
Fig. 3.1: Photographs ot the grown ZnSeO4.6H2O Crystal
Fig.3.2: Morphology of the ZnSeO4.6H2O
3.2.2 X-ray Powder Diffraction of ZnSeO4. 6H20
3.2.3 Cutting and Polishing
Fig.3.4: Sterographic projection of ZnSeO4.6H2O Crystal projected at 001 direction
3.3 Measurements of DC Electrical Conductivity
3.3.1 DC Conductivity Along a- axis
3.3.2 DC Conductivity Along c- axis
3.3.3 Activation Energy Along a- and c-axes
3.3.4 Discussion
3.4 Measurements of AC Electrical Conductivity
3.4.1 Complex Impedance Analysis
Along a-axis
Along c-axis
3.4.2 Dielectric Analysis
Frequency dependant dielectric spectra in the low temperature region
Frequency dependant dielectric spectra in the high temperature region
Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the low temperature region
Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the high temperature region
3.4.3 Conductivity Analysis
Frequency dependent conductivity spectra in the low temperature region
Frequency dependent conductivity spectra in the high temperature region
Temperature dependent conductivity spectra in the low temperature region
Temperature dependent conductivity spectra in the high temperature region
3.4.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
References
4. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, DIELECTRIC AND PHASE TRANSITION STUDIES OF ZINC SELENATE MONOHYDRATE SINGLE CRYSTALS
4.1 Literature Review
4.2 Experimental Technique
4.2.1 Sample Preparation
Fig.4.2: Morphology of ZnSeO4.H2O Crystal
4.2.2 X-ray Powder diffraction of ZnSeO4. H2O
Fig. 4.4: Stereographic projection of ZnSeO4.H2O crystal projected at 010 direction
4.3 Measurements of DC Electrical Conductivity
4.3.1 DC Conductivity Along a- axis
4.3.2 DC Conductivity Along b- axis
4.3.3 DC Conductivity Along c- axis
4.3.4 Activation Energy Along a-, b- and c-axes
4.3.5 Discussion
4.4 Measurements of AC Electrical Conductivity
4.4.1 Complex Impedance Analysis
Along a-axis
Along b-axis
Along c-axis
4.4.2 Dielectric Analysis
Frequency dependant dielectric spectra in the low temperature region
Frequency dependant dielectric spectra in the high temperature region
Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the low temperature region
Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the high temperature region
4.4.3 Conductivity Analysis
Frequency dependent conductivity spectra in the low temperature region
Frequency dependent conductivity spectra in the high temperature region
Temperature dependent conductivity spectra in the low temperature region
Temperature dependent conductivity spectra in the high temperature region
4.4.4 Discussion
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, DIELECTRIC AND PHASE TRANSITION STUDIES OF MAGNESIUM SELENATE HEXAHYDRATE SINGLE CRYSTAL
5.1 Literature Review
5.2 Experimental Techniques
5.2.1 Sample Preparation
Fig. 5.2: Morphology of the MgSeO4.6H2O single crystal
5.2.2 X-ray Powder diffraction of MgSeO4. 6H20
Fig.5.5: Stereographic projection of MgSeO4.6H20 crystal projected at 001 direction
5.2.3 Cutting and Polishing
5.3 Measurements of DC Electrical Conductivity
5.3.1 DC Conductivity Along a- axis
5.3.2 DC Conductivity Along b- axis
5.3.3 DC Conductivity Along c- axis
5.3.4 Activation Energy Along a-, b- and c-axes
5.3.5 Discussion
5.4 Measurements of AC Electrical Conductivity
5.4.1 Complex Impedance Analysis
Along a-, b- and c-axes
5.4.2 Dielectric Analysis
Frequency dependant dielectric spectra in the low temperature region
Frequency dependant dielectric spectra in the high temperature region
Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the low temperature region
Temperature dependant dielectric spectra in the high temperature region
5.4.3 Conductivity Analysis
Frequency dependent conductivity spectra
Temperature dependent conductivity spectra in the low temperature region
Temperature dependent conductivity spectra in the high temperature region.
5.4.4 Discussion
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION