Online Thesis Search Results

TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PLATES
1. INTRODUCTION
Review of earlier work done
2. STUDY AREA AND ITS CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
Climate
Table 1. Monthly mean rainfall during the period from 1988 to 91 in the study area.
Table 2. Monthly mean temperature during the period from 1988 to 91 in the study area
Table 3. Monthly record of relative humidity during the period from 1988 to 91 in the study area
Vegitation
3. STATUS, GENERAL HABITS, DISTRIBUTION AND AGE DETERMINATION
Introduction
Materials and Metids
Results and disaussicn
Awakening and Roosting
Table 4. Month wise data on the awakening and roosting time in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 5. Trees used for roosting by the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 6. Preference of roosting height in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Home range and Territory
Daily Activities
Other Behaviour Patterns
Aggression
Vocalization
1. Laugh
2. Territorial call
3. Duet call
4. Alarm call
5. Frightened call
6. Morning and Evening call
7. Comfort calls
Table 7. Monthly occurrence of calls in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 8. Different types of vocalization in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnesis fusca
Distribution
Fig.1. Map showing the distribution of three species of kingfishers in the study area
Age determination
Table 9. Different body parameters of adult and juvenile Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 10. Length of primaries and secondaries of adult and juvenile Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon snyrnensis fusca
Fig. 2. Shape of primary tips in the adult and juvenile Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Fig. 3. Different postures exhibited by the adult White breasted Kingfisher
Plate. I Bill colour change in fledgeling of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher.
4. FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Table 11. Stomach contents expressed as percentage body weight with respect to sex and month in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smymensis fusca
Table 12. Food spectrum of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 13. Food items recovered from the gut of the adult Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Fig.4. Frequency occurrence of various animal foods in the stomach of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Fig.5. Monthly variation in the major insect group in the stomach of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Table 14. List of economically important insects eaten by the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 15. Frequency of foraging perches used by the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 16. Time spent by the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca in different perches
Table 17. Height of feeding perches used by the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Methods of foraging
Table 18. Frequency occurrence of different techniques of foraging in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca for a period of 98 hours.
Table 19. Food of young (nestling and fledgeling) of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
DISCUSSION
5. PLUMAGES AND MOULT
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Plumage of juvenile bird
Plumage of first year bird
Adult plumage
The feather tracts and their pattern of moult
Plate II Showing alar tract (dorsal view) of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Sequence of adult moult
Table 20. Monthly record of primary moult in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnesis fusca
Fig 6. Moult of primaries in the Whitebreasted King fisher in different months
Table 21. Monthly record of secondary moult in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 22. Monthly record of retrix moult in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnesis fusca
Table 23. Scheme for calculating moult stages in the White- breasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 24. Data showing moult stages in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis.fusca
Table 25. Moult of primaries in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 26. Moult of secondaries in relation to Primaries in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Fig.7. Secondary score in relation to primary score in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Table 27. Moult of rectrices in relation to primaries in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Fig.8. Tail score in relation to primary score in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Table 28. Moult of Wing and tail coverts, body feathers and alula in relation to primary stages in Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrensis fusca
Fig.9. Monthly record of moult in the body tracts of the Whitebreasted kingfisher
Post-juvenal moult
Timing and duration of moult
Timing and duration of moult
DISCUSSION
Fig.10. Regression of primary-moult score on date in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
6. ANNUAL CYCLE OF THYROID GLANDS
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Follicular size
Epithelial cell height
Epithelial cells
DISCUSSION
Table 29. Cyclic changes in the Thyroid activity of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Fig.11. Seasonal variation in thyroid histology of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Plate III Photomicrographs of sections of thyroid A: Inactive thyroid (January) showing absence of colloid; B: Inactive thyroid (June) showing less colloid
Plate IV Photomicrographs of sections of thyroid.
A: Active thyroid (August) showing darkly stained colloid;
B: Active thyroid (November) showing round nucleus and darkly stained colloid
Table 30. Analysis of variance in follicular diameter of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smymensis fusca
7. BREEDING BIOLOGY
introduction
Study Area and Methods
Results
Breeding season
Breeding age and pair bond
Courtship and copulation
Territory
Fig. 12. Schematic drawing of breeding area at perumthuruthy
Nest and nest construction
Fig.13. Diagrammatic representation of the cross section of the nest hole of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Table 31. Nest locations of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smymensis fusca
Table 32. Nesting sites in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Plate V A: A breeding female perching on the leaf of a coconut tree;
B: A nest hole of the White breasted Kingfisher
Plate VI A: The study area at Perumthuruthy;
B: The study area showing nest locations.
Table 33. Measurements of the nests of the Whitebreasted King fisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 34. Month wise distribution of nests with eggs of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnesis
Nest desertion
Reuse of nest and nest site
Egg laying
Table 35. Variations in clutch size of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnesis fusca
Table 36. Number of eggs in a clutch of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 37. Interval between laying of successive eggs in a clutch of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Table 38. Variation in measurements of eggs in a clutch of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Plate VII A: Newly laid eggs of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
B: Older eggs from the nest of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Incubation and hatching
Plate VIII A female Whitebreasted Kingfisher incubating
Table 39. Incubation period in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Nestling and nestling period
Fig.14. Average length of beak in nestling of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Fig.15. Variation in the weight of nestlings of the White breasted Kingfisher
IX A: Newly hatched chick of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher,
B: Nestling of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher (24 hour old)
X A: Nestling of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher (6 days old) -
B: Nestling of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher (11 days old)
XI A: Nestling of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher (11 days old) showing feather tracts,
B: Nestling of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher (17 days old)
XII Nestling of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher (20 days old)
XIII A: Nestling of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher showing synchronous growth and development,
B: Nestling of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher showing asynchronous growth and development
Table 40. Nestling period in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Feeding of nestlings
Table 41. Nestling feeding frequency in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
The nest sanitation and egg shell disposal
Fledgelings
Breeding success
Table 42. Breeding success in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
DISCUSSION
8. BODY WEIGHT AND GONADAL CYCLE
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Body weight
Annual Testicular Cycle
Testis weight
Testis volume
Table 43. Average body weight, testes weight and testes volume in he Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Testis histology
Table 44. Histological changes in testes of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Fig.16. Various stages in testes cycle of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Interstitial cell cycle
Phases of male reproductive cycle
Fig.17. Diagrammatic representation of the month wise frequency distribution of phases of testis cycle in Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Fig.18. Monthly variation in the weight of testes of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Fig.19. Monthly variation in the mean volume of testes of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Fig.20. Monthly variation in the mean weight of testes of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Fig.21. Relative number of interstitial cells in the testes of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher
Plate XIV Photomicrographs of sections of the testis showing histologic stages.
A: stage 1- single layer of spermatogonium;
B: stage 2a - two rows of spermatogonia
Plate XV Photomicrographs of sections of the testis showing histologic stages.
A: stage 2b - three rows of spermatogonia;
B: stage 3 - many primary and secondary spermatocytes
Plate XVI Photomicrographs of sections of the testis showing histologic stages.
A: stage 4 - tubular lumina lined with spermatids;
B: stage 5 - tubular lumina with spermazoa
XVII Photomicrographs of sections of the testis showing histologic stages.
A: stage 6 - spermatozoa with cellular elements in the lumen;
B: stage 6 - cell debris in the lumen
Annual Ovarian cycle
Ovary weight and histology
45. Average body and ovary weight and diameter of largest follicle in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
46. Diameter of seminiferous tubules and thickness of the interstitial tissue during different stages of testicular cycle in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
47. Analysis of variance in seminiferous tubule diameter of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis fusca
Fig.22. Average monthly weight of ovary of the White breasted Kingfisher
Plate XVIII Photomicrographs of sections of the ovary
A: regressive phase, follicular diameter minimum;
B: Prebreeding, containing small and large follicles
Plate XIX Photomicrographs of sections of the ovary A & B; breeding phases containing large follicles
Table 48. Analysis of variance in the diameter of ovarian follicle in the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis? fusca
Body weight
Gonadal cycle
9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Status, general habits, distribution and age determination
Food and feeding habits
Breeding biology
Body weight and gonadal cycle
Plumages and moult
Annual cycle of thyroid glands
CONCLUSION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY