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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
RANA HEXADACTYLA
Diagnosis
Description
Review of earlier work done
Justification of the present work
2. Status, habitat and distribution
Study Area
Topography and climate
Table-1 Meteriological Data of the study Area from 1989-1989
Distribution
Fig.1 MAP OF PATHANAMTHITTA DISTRICT
Habitat
Sexual dimorphism
Secondary sexual characters
Sex ratio
Table - 2. Sex Ratio of R. hexadactyla in thecollection from 1988-1989.
Present status of R. hexadactyla
3. Food and feeding habits
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Table - 6. Economically important organisms recovered from the gut of R. hexadactyla
DISCUSSION
4. Male reproductive cycle
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Gonadosomatic Index
Relative testicular weight
Testis diameter
Seminiferous tubule diameter
Leydig cell nuclear diameter
Spermatogenetic stages
Table 10. Anova Table - Seasonal variation of spermatogenetic Stages in R. hexadactyla
PLATE 1 T.S. of testis of R. hexadactyla
PLATE 2 Sections of thumb pads of R. hexadactyla
Fat body cycle
Thumb pad cycle
DISCUSSION
5. Female reproductive cycle
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Body weight
Table 12. Anova Table - Seasonal variation in thebody weight of R. hexadactyla
Gonado Somatic Index
Ovarian cycle
PLATE 3 Sections of ovary of R. hexadactyla showing oogonial nest and small primary oocytes (Fig.A), small primary oocytes (Fig.B), FGP oocytes (Fi9.C and D) and large yolky (Fig8.E and F) oocytes (LSGP) (X 100) .
Table 13.Anova Table - Seasonal variation in theovary weight of R. hexadactyla
Oocyte diameter
Oocyte characteristics
Oviduct cycle
Table 14. Anova Table - Seasonal variation in theoviduct weight of R. hexadactyla
Fat body cycle
Table 15. Anova Table - Seasonal variation in thefat body weight of R. hexadactyla
Table 17.Ovarian stages and oocyte characteristics of R. hexadactyla
DISCUSSION
6. Effects of some pesticides on the hatching rate, survival and growth of tadpoles
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Table 23.Anova Table - Effect of endosulfan on the hatching rate of eggs of R. hexadactyla
Table 24.Anova Table - Effect of malathion on the hatching rate of eqqs of R. hexadactyla
Table 25.Anova Table - Effect of furadan on the hatching rate of eggs of R. hexadactyla
Fig.11. Effect of Ertdosulfan on the larval survival of R. hexadactyla
Table 26.Anova Table - Effect of endosulfan on thesurvival rate of tadpoles of R. hexadactyla
Table 27.Anova Table - Effect of malathion on thesurvival rate of tadpoles of R. hexadactyla
Table 28.Anova Table - Effect of furadan on survival rate of tadpoles of R. hexadactyla
DISCUSSION
7. Toxicity of some pesticides to tadpoles
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
DISCUSSION
8. Histopathological changes in the gonad, liver and kidney of adults exposed to sub lethal concentrations of some pesticides.
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Fig. 19. Effect of endosulfan on thernor tall t y of adult frog
Fig. 20. Effect of malathlon on themortality of adult frog
Fig. 21. Effect of malathlon on themortality of adult frog
Testis
PLATE 4 Photomicrographs of sections of testis of R. hexadactyla.
PLATE 5 Photomicrographs of sections of testis of R. hexadactyla
PLATE 6 Photomicrographs of sections of testis of R. hexadactyla.
Fig. 22. Ettect of pestlcldes on thefrequency dlstrlbutlon of prlmaryspermatogonial cells in Rana Hexadactyla
Fig. 23. Effect of pestlcldes on thefrequency dlstrlbutlon ot secondaryspermatogonlal cells In Rana Hexadectyla
Fig. 24. Effect of pestlcldes on thefrequency dlstrlbutlon of prlrnarysperrnatocy tes In Rana Hexadactyla
Fig, 25. Effect of pestlcldes on thefrequency dlstrlbutlon of secondaryspermatocy tes in Rana Hexadactyla
Fig. 26. Effect of pestlcldes on thefrequency dlstrlbutlon of spermatldnests In Rene Hexadectyla
Fig. 27. Effect of pestlcldes on thefrequency dlstrlbutlon of sperm bundlesin Rane Hexadactyla
Ovary
PLATE 7 Photomicrographs of sections of ovary of R. hexadactyla.
PLATE 8 Photomicrographs of section of ovary of R. hexadactyla.
PLATE 9 Photomicrographs of sections of ovary of R. hexadactyla.
Exposure to pesticides
Gonadosomatic Index
Fig. 28. Effecl of pesllcldes on theQSI of Rene hexedeolyle
Liver
PLATE 10 Photomicrographs of sections of 1 iver of R. hexadactyla.
PLATE 11 Photomicrographs of sections of liver of R. hexadactyla.
PLATE 12 Photomicrographs of sections of liver of R. hexadactyla.
Fig. 29. Effect of pestlclaes on theHSI of Ram ha*waofyls
Hepatosomatic Index
Kidney
PLATE 13 Photomicrographs of sections of kidney of R. hexadactyla.
PLATE 14 Photomicrographs of sections of kidney of R. hexadactyla.
PLATE 15 Photomicrographs of sections of kidney of R. hexadactyla.
DISCUSSION
9. Summary and conclusion
Status, habitat and distribution.
Food and feeding habits.
Male reproductive cycle
Female reproductive cycle
Effects of some pesticides on the hatching rate, survivaland growth of tadpoles.
Toxicity of some pesticides to tadpoles
Gonad
Liver
Kidney
CONCLUSION
References