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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LEGEND
1 INTRODUCTION
The Problem in Brief
Objectives of the Study
Hypotheses
Variables Studied
Database and Methodology
Survey Design
Pilot Study and Finalisation of Interview Schedules
Collection and Analysis of Data
Statistical Tools Used for Analysis
Resume of the Work Done
Reference Period
Concepts and Definitions Used in the Study
Limitations of the Study
Presentation of the Study
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
FOOT NOTES
3 GENESIS AND CONCEPT OF PRIORITY SECTOR LENDING
1. Main Targets
2. Other Targets
I. Agriculture
II. Small-scale Industries
III. Other Priority Sectors
IV. Government-Sponsored Programmes
RBI Bench Mark for Allocation of Credit
Priority Sector Lending by Foreign Banks
Priority Sector Lending by Regional Rural Banks
Priority Sector Lending by Urban Co-operative Banks
FOOT NOTES
4 SOCIO-BANKING PROFILE OF KERALA STATE
Location
Formation of the State
Physiography
The Economy
Population
Banking in Kerala
Present Scenario of Commercial Banking
1. Branch Expansion
Table 4.1 Progress of Commercial Banking at a Glance
Table 4.2 Rural Banking Scenario from June 1969 to March 2001
Table 4.3 District-Wise Distribution of All Scheduled Commercial Bank Offices in Kerala
2. Deposit Mobilisation
Table 4.4 Progress in Deposit Mobilisation of all Scheduled Commercial Banks
Table 4.5 Average Amount of Deposits per Bank Office
Table 4.6 Rural Bank Deposit of all Scheduled Commercial Banks
Table 4.7 District-Wise Distribution of Deposits of all Scheduled Commercial Banks
3. Credit Deployment
Table 4.8 Credit Deployment by all Scheduled Commercial Banks
Fig. 4.1 CD ratio - A Comparison
Table 4.9 Rural Bank Lending From June 1969 to March 2001
Table 4.10 District-Wise Distribution of Bank Credit
4. Priority Sector Lending
Fig. 4.2 Bank credit to priority sectors for Kerala and India (In percentage)
Table 4.11 Bank Credit to Priority Sector from 1969 to March 2001
Table 4.12 Growth Rates of Deposits, Advances and Priority Sector Advances: Mann-Whitney Test
FOOT NOTES
5 DISTRICT CREDIT PLANS AND FINANCING OF PRIORITY SECTORS
Sector-wise Performance
Table 5.1 Sector-Wise Performance under DCPs
Table 5.2 Sector-Wise Allocation and Achievement in Percentage
Table 5.3 Sectoral Allocation and Achievement Percentages: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
Table 5.4 Sector-Wise Variations in Targets to Previous Years’ Achievement
Bank Group-wise Performance
Table 5.5 Bank Group-Wise Share of Priority Sector Advances under DCPs
Table 5.6 Bank Group-Wise Performance under DCPs
Sector-wise Performance of Different Bank Groups
Table 5.7 Sector-wise Performance Score of Different Bank Groups
Table 5.8 Bank Group -Wise Performance: Kruskal-Wallis Test
Bank Group-Wise Variations in Targets
Table 5.9 Bank Group-Wise Variations in Targets to Previous Years’ Achievement
Split up of Priority Sector Advances
Table 5.10 Priority Sector Advances of Different Bank Groups in Kerala
Achievement of National Targets by the Banking Industry
Table 5.11 Achievement of National Targets by Banking Industry in Kerala
District-wise Performance
Table 5.12 District-Wise Performance under DCPs
Table 5.13 Growth Rates of Allocation and Achievement during 1991-92 to 2000-01
District-wise Performance of Sectors
Table 5.14 District-Wise Performance of Agriculture Sector
Table 5.15 District-Wise Performance of SSI Sector
Table 5.16 District-Wise Performance of Tertiary Sector
Table5.17 District-Wise Performance: Friedman Two-Way Analysis
Table 5.18 District-Wise Variations in Targets to Previous Years’ Achievement
Priority Sector Lending and CD Ratio
Table 5.19 Credit Deposit Ratios of Different Bank Groups in Kerala
Table 5.20 Priority Sector Lending as a Percentage of Deposits
6 PRIORITY SECTOR LENDING METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Socio-economic Status
1. Age and Sex Profile
Table 6.1 Socio-Economic Profile of the Beneficiaries
2. Caste Status
3. Literacy Level
4. Occupational Status
5. Land Holdings and Residential Buildings
6. Income, Expenditure and Savings
Preference for Bank Loans
Table 6.2 Preference for Bank Loans
Interest Rates on Loans
Table 6.3 Interest Rates on Loans
Awareness of Bank Policies and Procedures
Table 6.4 Awareness of the Scheme
Table 6.5 Communication Media
Approach to the Bank
Table 6.6 Borrowers’ Approach to the Bank
Table 6.7 Borrowers’ Approach According to Bank Personnel
Services of the Banks
Table 6.8 Services of the Banks
Table 6.9 Distance to the Bank
Assistance From Other Agencies
Table 6.10 Assistance from Other Agencies
Interference of Middlemen
Table 6.11 Interference of Middlemen
Pre-sanction and Post-disbursement Visits
Table 6.12 Pre-Sanction and Post-Disbursement Visits
Fig.6.1 Post-Credit Supervision
Service Area Approach
Table 6.13 Service Area Approach
Benefits Enjoyed by PSL Beneficiaries
Table 6.14 Benefits Enjoyed by PSL Beneficiaries
Table 6.15 Difficulties in Achieving PSL Target
Loan Details
Table 6.16 Loan Details
Delay in Disbursement of Loans
Table 6.17 Delay in Disbursement of Loans
Hardships in Obtaining Loans
Table 6.18 Hardships in Obtaining Loans
Borrowers’ Satisfaction from Banking Services
Table 6.19 Borrowers’ Satisfaction from Banking Services
7 PRIORITY SECTOR LENDING UTILISATION AND ITS IMPACT
Utilisation of Loans
Misutilisation
Repayment of Loans
Fig. 7.1 Sector- wise repayers and defaulters
Table 7. 3 Sector-Wise Repayers and Defaulters
Table 7.4 Repayment of Loans
Table 7.5 Income vs. Defaulters
Defaulters - A Comparison
Table 7.6 Defaulters - A Comparison
Utilisation and Repayment
Table 7.7 Sector-Wise Utilisation and Repayment Percentages
Table 7.8 Repayment and Sufficiency of Loan
Sufficiency and Repayment
Table 7. 8 Repayment and Sufficiency of Loan
Present Status of the Scheme
Table 7.9 Status of the Scheme
Recovery Procedure
Table 7.10 Recovery Procedure
Factors Expediting Recovery
Table 7.11 Factors Expediting Recovery
Hardships in Recovery
Table 7.12 Hardships in Recovery
Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC)
NPAs in Priority Sector
Table 7.13 NPAs - Bank Managers’ Opinion
Table 7.14 Sector-Wise Recovery Performance of all Scheduled Commercial Banks in Kerala
Factors Responsible for NPAs in Priority Sector
Table 7.15 Factors Responsible for NPAs in Priority Sector
Impact of Bank Loans
Table 7.16 Mode and Source of Repayment
Impact on Income
Table 7.17 Sector-wise Income Generation
Movement of Sample Beneficiaries in the Income Scale
Table 7.18 Pre-income and Post-income Relationship
Impact on Employment
Table 7.19 Impact on Employment
General Impacts
Table 7.20 Impact of Bank Loans
Impact of PSL on Banks
Table 7.21 Impact of PSL on Banks
Goals Achieved Through PSL
Table 7.22 Goals Achieved through PSL
Difficulties in the Implementation of PSL Scheme
Table 7.23 Difficulties in the Implementation of Priority Sector Lending Scheme
Problems of Borrowers
Table 7.24 Problems of Borrowers
Priority Sector Lending- An Opinion Survey
1. Bankers’ Viewpoints
Table 7.25 Bankers’ Opinion and Suggestions
2. Borrowers’ Viewpoints
Table 7. 26 Borrowers’ Opinion about the Scheme
Relevance of PSL
FOOT NOTES
8 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Methodology and Survey Design
Summary of the Chapters
FINDINGS
I. Progress of Commercial Banks in Kerala
II. Sector-wise Achievement Under District Credit Plans
III. Performance of Bank Groups Under DCPs
IV. Split up of Priority Sector Advances
V. Achievement of National Targets by the Banking Industry
VI. District-wise Achievement Under District Credit Plans
VII. Priority Sector Lending and C D Ratio
VIII. Characteristics of PSL Borrowers
IX. Preference for Bank Loans
X. Awareness of the Scheme
XI. Approach to the Bank
XII. Services of the Bank
XIII. Service Area Approach
XIV. Benefits Enjoyed by PSL Beneficiaries
XV. Difficulties in Achieving the PSL Target
XVI. Loan Details
XVII. Hardships in Obtaining Loans
XVIII. Borrowers’ Satisfaction from Banking Services
XIX. Utilisation Pattern of Priority Sector Credit
XX. Repayment of Loans
XXI. Comparison of the Defaulters
XXII. Present Status of the Scheme
XXIII. Recovery Procedure
XXIV. Factors Expediting Recovery
XXV. Hardships in Recovery
XXVI. Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation
XXVII. NPAs in Priority Sector
XXVIII. Factors Responsible for NPAs in Priority Sector
XXIX. Impact of Bank Loans
XXX. Goals Achieved Through PSL
XXXI. Difficulties in the Implementation of PSL Scheme
A. Bank Managers’ Opinion
B. Borrowers’ Opinion
XXXII. Opinion About the Scheme
A. Bankers’ Viewpoint
B. Borrowers’ Viewpoint
CONCLUSIONS
I. Banking Activities-A General Conclusion
II. District Credit Plans and Priority Sector Lending
III. PSL Borrowers and Banking Services
IV. Utilisation and Repayment
V. Impact of Bank Loans
VI. Difficulties
VII. Opinion About the Scheme
RECOMMENDATIONS
Scope for Further Research
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
REPORTS
ARTICLES
CD ROMS
WEBSITES
APPENDIX I A Survey on the Priority Sector Lending by Commercial Banks in Kerala
APPENDIX II A Survey on the Priority Sector Lending by Commercial Banks in Kerala