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Full Screen- TITLE
- CERTIFICATE
- DECLARATION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- CONTENTS
- I. Introduction
- PLATE - I TROPIDONOTUS, Natrix uiscator piscator Schneider.
- PLATE - II RATSNAKE, Ptyas mucasus Linne
- PLATE - III COBRA, Naja naja naja L.inne
- Tropidonotus
- Ratsnake
- Cobra
- II. Materials and methods
- Food -getting and feeding behaviour
- Epidermal structure of the tongue
- Osteological elements
- Quantitative analysis of the bony elements
- Jaw-muscles
- A. Disposition and preservation
- B. Quantitative myology
- C. The force of adduction
- D. The force of abduction
- PLATE - IV Diagrammatic representation of the lever systems involving the opening and closing of the jaws.
- E. The force of protraction
- F. The force of retraction
- Histochemical observations
- III. Food-getting and feeding behaviour
- Field observations
- Analysis of stomach contents
- IV. Epidermal structure of the tongue
- PLATE - V Fig.1, 2 & 3 Diagrammatic representation of snakes tounge. Fig. 4. 5 & 6 Scanning electron micrographs showing the epidermal structure of the tongue of tropjdnnotus.
- PLATE - VI Scanning electron micrographs showing the epidermal structure of the tongue o f: (1) Rat snake (2) Cobra
- V. Osteology of the skull and the ligaments associated
- 1. Jaw apparatus
- 2. Nasal and orbital region
- 3. Cranium
- PLATE - VII Skull of tropidonotus.
- PLATE - Vlll Skull of ratsnake.
- PLATE - IX Skull of cobra.
- Quadrato-mandibular joint and the cranio-facial hinge
- I. Quadrato-mandibular joint
- Cranio-facial hinge
- Ligaments of the skull
- VI. Structure and disposition of the muscles of the feeding apparatus, and its operative efficiency
- 1.Structure and disposition
- A. Jaw-muscles
- 1. Adductors of the lower jaw
- 1.a. M, Adductor mandibulae externus superficialis
- PLATE - X Jaw-muscles of tropidonotus.
- PLATE - XI Jaw-muscles of ratsnake.
- PLATE - X II Jaw-muscles of cobra.
- PLATE - XIII Nerve supply to the jaw-muscles of tropidonotus (Fig.1)ratsnake (Fig.2) and cobra (Fig: 3) .
- PLATE - XIII Nerve supply to the jaw-muscles oftropidonotus (Fig.1)ratsnake (Fig.2) and cobra (Fig: 3) .
- 1.b. M. Adductor mandibulae externus medialis
- I. c. Adductor mandibulae externus profundus
- 1.d. M.Adductor mandibulae posterior
- 1.e. M.Pseudotemporalis
- 2. Abductors of the lower jaw
- 2.a. M.Depressor mandibulae anterior
- 2.b. M. Depressor mandibulae posterior
- 3. Protractors of the upper jaw
- 3.a. M. Protractor pterygoidei
- 3.b. M. Levator pterygoidei
- 3.c. M. Protractor quadrati
- 4. Protractors of the lower jaw and retractors of the upper jaw
- 4.a. M. Pterygoideus
- 4.b. M. Pterygoideus accessories
- 5. Retractors of the upper jaw
- 5.a. M. Retractor pterygoidei.
- 5.b. M. Retractor vomeris
- 5.c. M. Cervico-mandibularis
- 5.d. M. Neuro-mandibularis
- B. Hyoid-muscles and Tongue-muscles
- a. Hyoid-muscles
- PLATE - XIV Diagrammatic representation of the snake-hyoid muscles and tongue-muscles.
- b. Tongue-muscles
- II. Operative efficiency of the feeding apparatus
- 1. Lever systems of the feeding apparatus
- 2. Quantitative myology
- VII. Histochemical observations on the metabolites, some related enzymes and neuromuscular junctions of the major jaw-muscles
- PLATE - XV T.S.of the jaw-muscles of tropidonotus stained for fat.
- PLATE - XVI T.S. of the jaw-muscles of ratsnake stained for fat.
- PLATE - XVII T.S. of the jaw-muscles o f cobra stained for fat.
- PLATE - XVIII T.S. of the jaw-muscles of tropidonotus stained for glycogen.
- PLATE - XIX T.S. of the jaw-muscles of ratsnake stained for glycogen.
- PLATE - XX T.S. of the jaw-muscles of cobra stained for glycogen
- PLATE -XXI T.S. of the jaw-muscles of tropidonotus stained for SDHactivity.
- PLATE - XXII T.S. of the jaw-muscles of ratsnake stained for SDH activity
- PLATE - XXIII T.S. of the jaw-muscles of cobra stained for SDH activity.
- PLATE - XXIV T.S. of the jaw-muscles of tropidonotus stained for phosphorylase activity.
- PLATE - XXV T.S. of the jaw-muscles of ratsnke stained for phosphorylase activity.
- PLATE - XXVI T.S. of the jaw-muscles o f cobra stained for phosphorylase activity.
- PLATE - XXVII T.S. of the jaw-muscles of tropidonotus showing the distributionof fibres stained for alkali-stabile ATPgase.
- PLATE - XXVIII T.S. of the jaw-muscles of ratsnake showing the distribution of fibres stained for alkali-stabile ATFase.
- PLATE - XXIX T.S. of the jaw-muscles of cobra showing the distribution of fibres stained for alkali-stabile ATPase.
- PLATE - XXX T.S. of the jaw-muscles of tropidonotus showing the distribution of fibres stained for acid-stabile ATPase
- PLATE - XXXI T.S. of the jaw-muscles of ratsnake showing the distribution of fibres stained for acid-stabile ATPase.
- PLATE - XXXII T.S. of the jaw-muscles of cobra showing the distribution of fibres stained for acid-stabile ATPase.
- PLATE - XXXIII T.S. of the jaw-muscles of tropidonotus stained for alkaline phos phosphatase.
- PLATE - XXXIV T.S. of the jaw-muscles of ratsnake stained for alkaline phosphatase.
- PLATE - XXXV T.S. of the jaw-muscles of cobra stained for alkaline phosphatase.
- PLATE - XXXVI T.S. of the jaw-muscles of tropidonotus stained for acid phosphatase.
- PLATE - XXXVII T.S. of the jaw-muscles of ratsnake stained for acid phosphatase.
- PLATE - XXXVIII T.S. of the jaw-muscles o f cobra stained for acid phosphatase.
- PLATE - XXXIX T.S. of the jaw-muscles of tropidonotus showing LDH localization in the mitochondria.
- PLATE - XL T.S. of the jaw-muscles of ratsnake showing LDH localization in the mitochondria.
- PLATE - XLI T.S. of the jaw-muscles o f cobra showing LDH localization in the mitochondria..
- PLATE - XLII T.S. of the jaw-muscles of tropidonotus stained for OC-GPDH.
- PLATE - XLIII T.S. of the jaw-muscles of ratsnake stained for OC-GPDH.
- PLATE - XLIV T.S. of the jaw-muscles of cobra stained for OC-GPDH.
- PLATE - XLV The jaw-muscles of tropidonotus showing the localization of AChE at the neuromuscular junctions.
- PLATE- XLVl The jaw-muscles of ratsnake showing the localization of AChE at the neuromuscular junctions.
- PLATE- XLVII The jaw-muscles of cobra showing the localization of AChE at the neuromuscular junctions.
- PLATE - XLVIII The jaw-muscles of tropidonotus showing the localization of BuChE at the neurontuscular junctions.
- PLATE - XLIX The jaw-muscles of ratsnake showing the localization of BuChE at the neuromuscular junctions.
- PLATE - L The jaw-muscles of cobra showing the localization of BuChE at the neurontuscular junctions.
- ATPase
- Phosphatases
- α-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
- Cholinesterases
- VIII. Discussion
- 1. Food- getting and feeding behaviour
- 2. Epidermal structure of the tongue
- 3. Bony elements and ligaments of the skull
- 4.. Muscles of the feeding apparatus and its operative efficiency.
- 1. Muscles of the feeding appartus
- 2. Operative efficiency
- 5. General histochemical organization of the jaw-muscles
- IX. Summary and conclusions
- X. Works cited