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  • TITLE
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • INDEXES
  • I. BOTANICAL NAMES, COLLECTION NUMBER AND FAMILY
  • II BOTANICAL NAMES, LOCAL / TRIBAL NAMES
  • III. DETAILS OF TABLES
  • List of Tables
  • IV. DETAILS OF MAPS
  • Details of Maps
  • V. DETAILS OF PLATES
  • Details of Plates
  • 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • 1.1 ETHNOBOTANY- HISTORY
  • 1.2 GLIMPSES OF WORLD SCENARIO
  • 1.3 INDIAN SCENARIO
  • 1.4 KERALA SCENARIO
  • 1.5 DEVIKULAM TALUK
  • 1.6 SELECTION OF TRIBES
  • 1.7 OBJECTIVES AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
  • 1.8 PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY
  • 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • 2.1 AREA OF STUDY
  • Table 1 General information about the district
  • Table 2 Annual rainfall (monthwise)
  • Table 3 Major crops cultivated, area and production
  • 2.2 DATA COLLECTION
  • 2.3 HERBARIUM
  • 2.4 AYURVEDIC INDICATIONS
  • 2.5 PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES
  • 2.6 BIOCHEMICAL QUANTIFICATION
  • 2.7 LIST OF THE MUTHUVAN SETTLEMENTS IN DEVIKULAM TALUK
  • Table 4 List of the Muthuvan settlements in Devikulam Taluk
  • Map - 1 Area of study -India, Cereal
  • Map - 2 Area of study - Idukki District.
  • Map - 3 Area of study - Devikulam Taluk.
  • 3 MUTHUVANS: THE SOCIO-CULTURAL STATUS
  • 3.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • 3.2 OBSERVATIONS
  • 3.2.1 MUTHUVANS: PAST AND PRESENT
  • 3.2.1.1 STRUCTURE OF THE HAMLET
  • 3.2.1.2 POWER STRUCTURE
  • 3.2.1.3 CLOTHING AND DECORATION
  • 3.2.1.3.1 MEN
  • 3.2.1.3.2 WOMEN
  • 3.2.1.4 SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS AND TRADITIONAL GODS
  • 3.2.1.5 DORMITORY
  • 3.2.1.6 OCCUPATION
  • 3.2.1.7 DUET
  • 3.2.1.8 STATUS OF WOMEN
  • 3.2.2 FESTIVALS OF MUTHUVANS
  • 3.2.2.1 THAI PONGAL
  • 3.2.2.1.1 PREPARATIONS
  • 3.2.2.1.2 THE FESTIVAL PROCEEDINGS
  • 3.2.2.1.3 OTHER TEMPLES
  • 3.2.2.1.4 KOZHI BELI (COCK / FOWL SACRIFICE)
  • 3.2.2.1.5 TREATMENT FOR PROLONGED ILLNESS
  • 3.2.2.1.6 KOMALIES (BUFFOONS)
  • 3.2.2.1.7 MUDIEDUPPU (HAIR CUTTING)
  • 3.2.2.1.8 NIGHT CELEBRATIONS
  • 3.2.2.1.9 GOD HAS COME TO THE HAMLET
  • 3.2.2.1.10 KOZHIYATTAM
  • 3.2.2.1.11 KATTALAN
  • 3.2.2.1.12 KAPPIKETTU
  • 3.2.2.2 AADI
  • 3.2.2.3 KARTHIKA
  • 3.2.2.4 MARIYYAMAN
  • 3.2.3 MARRIAGE
  • 3.2.4 DELIVERY
  • 3.2.5 FUNERAL
  • 3.2.6 ANNUAL POOJA
  • 3.2.7 HYGIENIC HABITS
  • 3.2.8 FOOD, DRINKS AND DRUGS
  • 3.2.9 DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS
  • 3.2.10 ECONOMIC STATUS
  • 3.3 DISCUSSION
  • Map - 4 Social groupings of Muthuvans.
  • PLATE - 1
  • Fig. I - Traditional hut and government built house of Muthuvan.
  • Fig. 2 - The investigator discussing and recording data with the Kani of Companykudy. Note the head dress of the Kani.
  • Fig. 3 - The Herbalist, Kani, the investigator, Thalaivar and his daughter.
  • Fig. 4 - A Muthuvan family in front of their house.
  • Fig. 5 - The inmates of the dormitory along with some elders.
  • Fig. 6 - A Muthuvathi (Muthuva lady) with her kid on the muthuku (back)
  • PLATE - 2
  • Fig. 7 - Old place of worship with stones.
  • Fig. 8 - Sambraniparambu kept inside the new temple.
  • Fig. 9 - Beginning of Thaipongal festival, decorated temple.
  • Fig. 10 - Pandal and fencing in front of the temple on Thaipongal occasion.
  • Fig. 11 - Nilamvanangal, a traditional practice at the beginning of Thaipongal.
  • Fig. 12 - Elder family member pouring Pongal rice into the vessel for cooking.
  • Fig. 13 - Family members together pouring Pongal rice for cooking.
  • Fig. 14 - Five main Pongal fireplace, cooked pongal rice and praying devotees.
  • PLATE - 3
  • Fig. 15 - Thaipongal pooja inside the main temple.
  • Fig. 16 - The poojari uttering manthras.
  • Fig. 17 - Turmeric water kept in front of the main temple brought by ladies.
  • Fig. 18 - Poojari emptying turmeric water with his action and manthrocharanam.
  • Fig. 19 - Thaipongal fire places of the families of the settlement.
  • Fig. 20 - Nilamvanangal in front of the cooked pongal rice.
  • Fig. 21 - Cooked thaipongal rice, accessories and area of cooking.
  • Fig. 22 - Devotees praying in front of the cooked pongal rice.
  • PLATE - 4
  • Fig. 23 - Cooked Thaipongal rice in plaintain leaf along with broken coconut, plaintain fruit, agarbathi and burning camphor submitted to the God.
  • Fig. 24 - Devotees waiting outside the main temple for prasadam
  • Fig. 25 - Muthuva lady viewing the proceedings from outside the fence.
  • Fig. 26 - An old Muthuva lady praying in front of the temple.
  • Fig. 27 - Lady shaman in action.
  • Fig. 28 - Komali in action.
  • Fig. 29 - Komalis entertaining the gathering.
  • Fig. 30 - Komalis in Kattalan dress
  • Fig. 31 - Kozhibali, poojari praying with the fowl to be sacrificed.
  • Fig. 32 - Cutting the throat of the fowl.
  • PLATE - 5
  • Fig. 33 - Devotees performing the Kozhibali (fowl sacrifice)
  • Fig. 34 - Poojari performing Mudiyeduppu (maiden hair cutting) of young children. Note the turmeric water in the plate along with removed hair.
  • Fig. 35 - Interior of the temple, photographs of the portraits of Hindu Gods.
  • Fig. 36 - Sabarimala devotees in front of their temporary residence.
  • Fig. 37 - Devotee in front of the portrait of Sabarimala Ayyappan.
  • Fig. 38 - Annual pooja, blood of fowl poured on the rice.
  • Fig. 39 - Annual pooja, cooked rice submitted to the ancestral spirits. Note the burning lamp and agarbathi.
  • Fig. 40 - Annual pooja, feast inside the forest- with toddy.
  • 4 THE FOOD PLANTSOFTHE MUTHUVANS
  • 4.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • 4.2 OBSERVATIONS
  • 4.2.1 CEREALS
  • 4.2.1.1 RICE (KARANELLU) ORYZA SATIVA L.
  • 4.2.1.2 MAIZE (CHOLLAM) ZEAMAYS L
  • 4.2.2 MILLETS
  • 4.2.2.1 FINGER MILLET (KEPA) ELEUCINE, CORACANA (L) GAERTEN
  • 4.2.2.1.1 Preparation of Katty (Pudding)
  • 4.2.2.2 THENA-SETARIA ITALICA (L.) BEAUV.
  • 4.2.2.3 CHENKITTACHOLAM – PSEUDOSORGHUM FASICULARE A.CAMUS
  • 4.2.3 PULSES
  • 4.2.4 TUBERS
  • 4.2.4.1 CULTIVATED TUBERS
  • 4.2.4.2 WILD TUBERS
  • 4.2.4.2.1 BIOCHEMICAL QUANTIFICATIONS
  • 42.4.2.2 PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES
  • Table 5 Biochemical quantifications for starch, soluble sugars and total carbohydrates
  • Table 6 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Dioscorea oppositifolia tuber
  • 4.2.5 STARCH YIELDING PLANTS
  • Table 7 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Dioscorea pentaphylla tuber
  • Table 8 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Dioscorea wighti tuber
  • 4.2.5.1 THE METHOD OF THE EXTRACTION OF STARCH FROM ARENGA WIGHTH GRIEF
  • 4.2.5.2 STARCH EXTRACTION FROM CARYOTA URENSL.
  • 4.2.5.3 THE METHOD OF THE EXTRACTION OF STARCH FROM CURCUMA ZEODARIA ROSC
  • 4.2.5.4 THE EXTRACTION OF STARCH FROM KATTUVAZHA-MUSA PARADISIACAL.
  • 4.2.5.5 THE EXTRACTION OF STARCH FROM MANGO SEEDS MANGIFERA INDICA L.
  • 4.2.5.6 THE EXTRACTION OF STARCH FROM KATTEENTHU-PHOENIX HUMILIS ROYL.
  • 4.2.6 BEVERAGES OF THE MUTHUVANS
  • 4.2.6.1 METHOD OF TAPPING ARENGA WIGHTI GRIFF
  • 4.2.7 VEGETABLES
  • 4.2.7.1 CULTIVATED VEGETABLES
  • 4.2.7.2 WILD VEGETABLES
  • 4.2.8 FRUIT PLANTS
  • 4.2.8.1 THE CULTIVATED FRUITS
  • 4.2.8.2 WILD FRUITS
  • 4.2.9 OTHER EDIBLE PLANTS
  • 4.2.10 MUSHROOMS
  • 4.3 DISCUSSIONS
  • PLATE - 6
  • Fig. 41 - Karanellu (Oryza sativa L.), cultivated inside the forest.
  • Fig. 42 - Bundled spikes of Karanellu stored as seeds.
  • Fig. 43 - Panjapullu (Eleucine coracana Gaertn.), bundled and kept inside the house.
  • Fig. 44 - A lady winnowing panjapullu for the preparation of Katty.
  • Fig. 45 - Dehusking paniapullu using Ural (Ponder) and Ulakka.
  • Fig. 46 - Powdering panjapullu using mill stone.
  • Fig. 47 Chenkittacholam (Pseudosorghum fasciculare A. Camus) a wild grass and its grains are used for food.
  • Fig. 48 - Muthuvans carrot (Dacaus carota L.) cultivation from Kanthalloor.
  • Fig. 49 - Carrot (Dacaus carota L.) harvest in progress.
  • PLATE - 7
  • Fig. 50 - Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation by the Muthuvans of Marayoor area.
  • Fig. 51 - Vallikizhangu (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) habit.
  • Fig. 52 - Nilappan (Dioscorea oppositifolia L.) habit.
  • Fig. 53 - Digging out tubers of Nilappan (Dioscorea oppositifolia L.)
  • Fig. 54 - Collected tubers of Nilappan (Dioscorea oppositifolia L.)
  • Fig. 55 - Arthi (Dioscorea wightii? Hk. f.) habit.
  • Fig. 56 - A man showing the tuber collected from Nooron (Dioscorea pentaphylla L.)
  • PLATE - 8
  • Fig. 57 - Ayappana (Arenga wightii Grift) habit.
  • Fig. 58 - Ayappana (Arenga wightii Griff.) stem after removing the hard outer cortex.
  • Fig. 59 - Ayappana (Arenga wightii Griff.) cross section of the core.
  • Fig. 60 - Ayappana (Arenga wightii Griff) slicing the core.
  • Fig. 61 - Ayappana (Arenga wightii Griff.) slicing the core and making into splinters.
  • Fig. 62 - Ayappana (Arenga wightii Griff.) hammering the core.
  • Fig. 63 - Ayappana (Arenga wightii Griff.) squeezing the core.
  • Fig. 64 - Ayappana (Arenga wightii Griff.) rehammering the core for the maximum yield of starch.
  • PLATE - 9
  • Fig. 65 - Arenga wightii Griff. starch collected in water.
  • Fig. 66 - Decanting the water to separate starch.
  • Fig. 67 - Dried Arenga wightii Griff. starch.
  • Fig. 68 - Manjakorangatti (Curcuma zeodaria Rose.) cleaning the rhizome for starch extraction.
  • Fig. 69 - Manjakorangatti (Curcuma zeodaria Rosc.) rhizomes grated against rock with some water to get a paste.
  • Fig. 70 - Rhizome paste filtered through a bamboo basket to separate starch.
  • Fig. 71 - Pouring water and shaking the paste in the basket for extracting starch.
  • PLATE - 10
  • Fig. 72 - Kalippana (Caryota urens L.) habit, starch extracted from the stem.
  • Fig. 73 - Katteenthu (Phoenix humilis Royl) with opened spadix.
  • Fig. 74 - Katteenthu (Phoenix humilis RoyL) uprooted plant.
  • Fig. 75 - Katteenthu (Phoenix humilis Royl.) cutting the stem for starch extraction.
  • Fig. 76 - Katteenthu (Phoenix humilis Royl.) cross section of the stem.
  • Fig. 77 - Katteenthu (Phoenix humilis Royl.) cutting for collecting the sweet apical meristem.
  • Fig. 78 Kanavazha (Canna indica L.) habit.
  • Fig. 79 - Ambazham (Spondias mangifera Willd.) with fruits.
  • Fig. 80 - Kokkumullu (Lantana camera L.)
  • PLATE - 11
  • Fig. 81 - Ayappana (Arenga wightii Griff.) tapping the spadix.
  • Fig. 82 - Ayappana (Arenga wightii Griff.) collecting the palm wine in bamboo internode.
  • Fig. 83 - Ayappana (Arenga wightii Griff.) spadix base with oozing palm wine.
  • Fig. 84 - Kanthari (Capsicum frutescens L.) used for pungency.
  • Fig. 85 - Muthuvans Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) cultivation in Kanthalloor.
  • Fig. 86 - Cabbage head used as vegetable and also as a source of income.
  • Fig. 87 - Thakkali (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) used as a vegetable.
  • Fig. 88 - Veluthulli (Allium sativum L.) is cultivated at Vattavada area.
  • PLATE - 12
  • Fig. 89 - Kattucheera (Achyranthus bidentata Bl.) used as a vegetable.
  • Fig. 90 - Thoppiyadakucheera (Amarantus caudatus L.) used as a vegetable.
  • Fig. 91 - Palcheera (Ipomoea decana Austin.) used as a vegetable.
  • Fig. 92 - Kuruvipalcheera - Zheneria maysorensis (W.&A.) Arn. used as a vegetable.
  • Fig. 93 - Sappadakucheera - Lycianthes laevis (Dunal.) Bitter. used as a vegetable.
  • Fig. 94 - Manithakkali (Solanum nigrum L.) used as a vegetable.
  • Fig. 95 - Kathalum (Hibiscus lunariifolius Willd.) used as a vegetable.
  • Fig. 96 - Kakkapoovu (Torenia travancorica Gamb.) flowers eaten.
  • Fig. 97 - Anakathampuli (Begonia floccifera Bedd.) leaves eaten during journeys.
  • Fig. 98 - Kalippana (Caryota urens L.) tender core eaten during journeys.
  • PLATE - 13
  • Fig. 99 - Elavallikodi (Medinilla beddomei Cl.) the leaves eaten during journeys inside the forest.
  • Fig. 100 - Moottilthoori (Baccaurea courtarallensis M. Arg.) fruits edible.
  • Fig. 101 - Njaval (Syzygium cumini L.) fruits edible.
  • Fig. 102 - Nelli (Phyllanthus emblica L.) fruits edible.
  • Fig. 103 - Vetti - Aporosa lindleyana (Wt.) Bail. fruits edible.
  • Fig. 104 - Vediplavu (Cullenia exarillata Robyns.) staminal tube edible.
  • Fig. 105 - Athi (Ficus racemosa L.) fruits edible.
  • Fig. 106 - Vediplavu (Cullenia exarillata Robyns.) seeds roasted and eaten.
  • Fig. 107 - Kattuvazha (Musa paradisiaca L.) fruits edible.
  • Fig. 108 - Kattuvelliri (Cucumella silentvalleyii Mani.) fruits edible.
  • Fig. 109 - Kattukottapazham (Zizyphus rugosa Lam.) fruits edible.
  • 5 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE MUTHUVANS
  • 5.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • 5.2 OBSERVATIONS
  • 5.2.1 SINGLE REMEDIES OF THE MUTHUVAN
  • 5.2.2 PLANT COMBINATIONS USED FOR TREATMENT OF VARIOUS ILLNESS AND ITS RECIPES
  • 5.2.3 PLANT PRODUCTS USED FOR MEDICINE
  • 5.2.4 ANIMAL PRODUCTS USED FOR MEDICINE
  • 5.2.5 INERT MATERIALS USED FOR MEDICINE
  • 5.2.6 PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS
  • Table 9 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Drimeria cordata, whole plant
  • Table 10 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Cynoglossum furcatum, Root
  • Table 11 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Ichnocarpus frutecens, Leaf and stem
  • Table 12 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Chenopodium ambrosoides, Leaf and stem
  • Table 13 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Dioscorea wallichii, tuber
  • Table 14 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Schleichereaoleosa, bark
  • Table 15 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Bridelia reiusa, bark
  • Table 16 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Grewia tiliaefolia, bark
  • Table 17, Preliminary phytochemical studies - Ficus asperima, Leaf
  • Table 18 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Ageratum conyzoides, Stems and leaves
  • Table 19 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Ceratopteries thalictroides Whole plant
  • Table 20 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Plantago asiatica, Whole plant
  • Table 21 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Caesalpinia mimosoides, Tender stem and leaf
  • Table 22 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Clerodendron infortunatum, Stem and leaves
  • 5.3 DISCUSSION
  • Table 25 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Musa superba, seeds
  • Table 23 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Tinospora cordifolia, Hanging roots
  • Table 24 Preliminary phytochemical studies - Cardiospermum halicacabum Stem and leaf
  • PLATE - 14
  • Fig. 110 - Njarala (Cissus repens Lam.) sap from the stem is collected and drank during journeys.
  • Fig. 111 - Incha (Acacia instia W&A.) bark used for cleaning body.
  • Fig. 112 - Analivegam (Alstonia venenata R.Br.) bark used against snake poison.
  • Fig. 113 - Cheevakaya (Acacia concina DC.) fruit powder used as shampoo.
  • Fig. 114 - Kattathalli (Bulbophyllum neilgherrense W.) bulbs medicinal.
  • Fig. 115 - Mukkutti (Biophytum sensitivum DC.) used for delivery.
  • Fig. 116 - Chorivalakam (Cryptocoryne retrospiralis Kunth.) used against witlow.
  • Fig. 117 - Padathali (Cyclea peltata Hk.&Th.) used to control diarrhoea.
  • Fig. 118 - Nilappana (Curculigo orchioides Garten.) used against venerial disease.
  • Fig. 119 - Valey (Dioscorea wallichii Hk.f) rhizome used against scabies.
  • PLATE -15
  • Fig. 120 - Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) oil used against body pain.
  • Fig. 121 - Erukku - Calotropis gigantea (R.) Br. latex used against hydrophobia.
  • Fig. 122 - Utharasikkayu (Elaeocarpus. tuberculalus Roxb.) used against headache.
  • Fig. 123 - Murikutty (Eupatorium adenophorus Spr.) used for curing cuts and wounds.
  • Fig. 124 - Neerotti (Hydnocarpus alpina Wt.) ground seeds used for curing cuts and wounds.
  • Fig. 125 - Kattupaval (Momordica dioica Roxb.) used against skin diseases.
  • Fig. 126 - Elamulachi - Kalanchoe pinnta (Lam.) Per. used against burns.
  • Fig. 127 - Kalluvazha (Musa superba Roxb.) used against urinary infection.
  • Fig. 128 - Nangu (Mesua ferrea L.) used against skin diseases.
  • Fig. 129 - Eetta (Ochlandra travancorica Gamb.) used for dressing wounds.
  • PLATE - 16
  • Fig. 130 - Edaval - Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. used in epilepsy.
  • Fig. 131 - Kattulli (Pancratium triflorum Roxb.) used against Corn.
  • Fig. 132 - Vathakody (Naravelia zeylanica DC.) used against joint pain.
  • Fig. 133 - Pulimurali (Pathos scandens L.) used against snake bite.
  • Fig. 134 - Valmulaku (Piper argyrophyllum Ham. Ex. Mig.) used for headache.
  • Fig. 135 - Undathippali (Piper mullesua Ham. Ex. Mig.) used in delivery.
  • Fig. 136 - Kattumulaku (Piper wightii Miq.) used against cough.
  • Fig. 137 - Vallikanjiram (Strychnos colubrina L.) used against chest infection.
  • Fig. 138 - Kattukeezharnelli (Phyllanthus kozhikodianus Sivar.&Mani.) used against jaundice.
  • PLATE - 17
  • Fig. 139 - Kalloorvanchi (Rotula aquatica Lour.) used in urinary infections.
  • Fig. 140 - Sopinkayu (Sapindus laurifolius Vahl.) used for cleaning body parts.
  • Fig. 141 - Kodithoova (Tragia involucrata L.) used for tooth pain.
  • Fig. 142 - Arootha (Ruta graveolens L.) used against poison.
  • Fig. 143 - Peethal (Schumannianthus virgatus Rolfe.) used in poojas.
  • Fig. 144 - Dhandapala - Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R.Br. used against rheumatic fever.
  • Fig. 145 - Maravazha (Panda tessellata Hk.) used against ear infections.
  • Fig. 146 - Thotturchembu (Remusitia vivipara Schot.) used against abscess.
  • Fig. 147 - Caynee - Rhyncoglossum notonianum (Wall.) Burrt. used against poison.
  • Fig. 148 - Orilathamara (Nervilia prainiana Seid.&Smt.) used against cracks in the feet.
  • PLATE - 18
  • Fig. 149 - Thottavadi (Mimosa pudica L.) used against cuts and wounds.
  • Fig. 150 - Nayakottarasi - Hemionites arifolia (Burm.f.) Moore. used against discolouration of skin.
  • Fig. 151 - Peringalam (Clerodendron infortunatum L.) used against diarrhoea.
  • Fig. 152 - Kandonekuthy (Bidens pilosa L) used against scabies.
  • Fig. 153 - Vellila (Mussaenda frondosa L.) used against eye infections.
  • Fig. 154 - Penarikala (Drymaria cordata Wild.) used against scabies.
  • Fig. 155 - Kummenjikkala (Ageratum conyzoides L.) used against ring worms.
  • 6 PLANTS FOR OTHER PURPOSES
  • 6.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • 6.2 OBSERVATIONS
  • 6.2.1 SHELTER
  • 6.2.1.1 Huts
  • 6.2.1.2 Goat shed
  • 6.2.1.3 Fowl Stable
  • 6.2.2 CLOTHING AND PROTECTION
  • 6.2.2.1 Steps involved in the extraction of bark
  • 6.2.2.1.1 Selection of the Plant
  • 6.2.2.1.2 Construction of Standard
  • 6.2.2.1.3 Peeling the Cork
  • 6.2.2.1.4 Beating the Bark
  • 6.2.2.1.5 Separation from wood
  • 6.2.2.1.6 Curing
  • 6.2.2.2 UMBRELLA
  • 6.2.3 MAGICO-RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
  • 6.2.3.1 Kappikettu
  • 6.2.3.2 Mudipootal
  • 6.2.3.3 To keep away evil spirits
  • 6.2.4 PLANTS USED IN FESTIVALS
  • 6.2.5 PREPARATION OF BHASMAM
  • 6.2.6 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
  • 6.2.7 HUNTING
  • 6.2.8 FISHING
  • 6.2.8.1 Plants used for fish stupefaction
  • 6.2.9 UTENSILS
  • 6.2.10 PLANTS USED FOR ROPES AND FIBRES
  • 6.2.11 CURING OF TOBACCO LEAF
  • 6.2.12 PLANTS USED FOR CLEANING TEETH, BODY PARTS AND WASHING CLOTH ES
  • 6.2.13 BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
  • 6.2.14 FIREWOOD
  • 6.2.15 SOURCE OF INCOME
  • 6.2.15.1 Cultivated plants
  • 6.2.15.2 Wild plants of commercial value
  • 6.2.16 SUBSTITUTES
  • 6.2.17 PLANTS USED FOR INTOXICATION
  • 6.3 DISCUSSION
  • PLATE - 19
  • Fig. 156 - Ellikkadu (Bambusa arundinacea) habit. An important raw material for the Muthuvan.
  • Fig. 157 - Chooral (Calamus rotang L.) habit. Another raw material for the Muthuvan.
  • Fig. 158 - Eatta (Ochlandra travancorica Gamb.) habit. Most important raw material for construction and artifacts.
  • Fig. 159 - Traditional hut deep inside the forest. Note the agricultural area protected with fencing.
  • Fig. 160 - New hut ready to occupy. Note the wall with Ochlandra leaves
  • Fig. 161 - New hut - another view. Note the wall reinforced with mud.
  • Fig. 162 - Hut thatched with Ochlandra leaves.
  • Fig. 163 - Roof supported with lateral branches of bamboos - A view from inside the hut.
  • PLATE - 20
  • Fig. 164 - Door of the hut made with bamboo splits.
  • Fig. 165 - Punna (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) bark is removed for making door.
  • Fig. 166 - Ceiling made with Ochlandra culms.
  • Fig. 167 - Close view of a thatching from inside the house.
  • Fig. 168 - Arenga leaves used for making sidewall of the hut.
  • Fig. 169 - Goat shed and fowl stable made of Ochlandra and Bambusa.
  • Fig. 170 - Goat shed - a close view.
  • Fig. 171 - Fowl stable - a close view.
  • Fig. 172 - Goat skin kept for curing by hanging above the cooking area where smoke is available regularly.
  • PLATE - 21
  • Fig. 173 - Bambusa and Dendrocalamus used as kitchen slabs and kitchen partition inside the hut.
  • Fig. 174 - Cheru - above the fireplace inside the hut used for drying grains, meat etc.
  • Fig. 175 - Stages in extraction of bark from Arayanjili - Antiaris toxicaria (pers.) Lesch. Construction of standards.
  • Fig. 176 - Peeling the outer cortex for exposing the phloem fibre.
  • Fig. 177 - Hammering the phloem.
  • Fig. 178 - Separating the bark from the top.
  • Fig. 179 - Separating the bark and simultaneous peeling of the skin at the bottom
  • PLATE - 22
  • Fig. 180 - Splitting the bark and separating it from the tree
  • Fig. 181 - Musical instruments - Kotti (big drum) and Urumshi (small drum)
  • Fig. 182 - Fish cage made with Ochlandra.
  • Fig. 183 - Boy with handmade toy.
  • Fig. 184 - Lemon grass distillation
  • Fig. 185 - Construction of Kooran villu - A type of trap to catch small animals.
  • Fig. 186 - Boy with Elivillu - A type of trap to catch rodents.
  • Fig. 187 Youth with catapult made of Bamboosa and Calamus.
  • Fig. 188 - Karivelam - Acacia nilotica (L.) Del.
  • Fig. 189 - Elananchu (Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.) for fish stupefaction.
  • PLATE - 23
  • Fig. 190 - Vallinanchu (Millettia rubiginosa W.&A.) used for fish stupefaction.
  • Fig. 191 - Vallinanchu (Millettia rubiginosa W.&A.) the liana is cut and the exudation is collected.
  • Fig. 192 - Chempoovam - Otonephelium stipulaceum (Bedd.) Radil, bark used for enhancing the intoxicating power of palm wine.
  • Fig. 193 - Utensils like pan, basket etc. and bamboo splits used for making it.
  • Fig. 194 - Chooralkotta, the big cane basket made with Calamus rotang L.
  • Fig. 195 - Pan for winnowing and collecting powdered grains made with Ochlandra travancorica Lamb.
  • Fig. 196 - Flower vase made from Ochlandra sp.
  • Fig. 197 - Broom made from Ochlandra sp.
  • Fig. 198 - Ladies engaged in weaving bamboo mats.
  • Fig. 199 - Broom made from syzygium sp. used for cleaning courtyard
  • Fig. 200 - Ganga (Cannabis saliva L.) used by the elders of the hamlet.
  • PLATE - 24
  • Fig. 201 - Tabacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves cured and used for chewing.
  • Fig. 202 - Kattumandharam (Bauhinia phoenicea Hyne) fibre is extracted from the bark.
  • Fig. 203 - Kathalam (Agave sisalana Per.ex.Eng.) source of fibre.
  • Fig. 204 - Cheenapavu (Smilax zeylanica L.) used as rope.
  • Fig. 205 - Urukkala (Carex myosurus Nees.) A biological indicator.
  • Fig. 206 - Urukkala - Scleria terresteris (L.) Fasset. another biological indicator.
  • Fig. 207 - Karimkunthirickam (Canarium strictum Roxb.) resin obtained is a source of income.
  • Fig. 208 - Thelli (Vateria indica L.) resin is a source of income
  • PLATE - 25
  • Fig. 209 - Kattukaruva (Cinnamomum travancoricum Gamb) bark is a source of income.
  • Fig. 210 - Kattupatri (Myristica beddomei King.) aril is dried on the rock.
  • Fig. 211 - Manjakorangatti (Curcuma zeodaria Rose.) rhizomes drying on the rock.
  • Fig. 212 - Ladies engaged in collecting Valmulaku (Piper argyrophyllum Ham ex. Mig)
  • Fig. 213 - Ealam (Elettaria cardamomum Matton.) cultivated in the forest by the Muthuvan.
  • Fig. 214 - Enchi (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) cultivated in the premises of the houses.
  • Fig. 215 - Vegetable cultivation of Muthuvans inside the forest after fencing the area.
  • Fig. 216 - Kudampuli - Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. fruit used for cooking fish.
  • Fig. 217 - Catching crab with Pteridum sp. as bait.
  • Fig. 218 - Cleaning the crab for cooking.
  • 7 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES