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  • TITLE
  • DEDICATION
  • DECLARATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • PREFACE
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • I. INTRODUCTION
  • II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • FOLIAR FEATURES
  • FOLIAR HISTOCHEMISTRY
  • POLLEN MORPHOLOGY
  • SEED MORPHOLOGY
  • EMBRYOLOGY
  • COLLECTION OF MATERIALS
  • IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPECIMENS
  • PREPARATION OF PEELINGS FOR HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES
  • HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE
  • EPIDERMAL STUDIES ON MATURE LEAVES
  • POLLEN MORPHOLOGY
  • SEED MORPHOLOGY
  • EMBRYOLOGY
  • MEASUREMENTS
  • PHOTOGRAPHY
  • DRAWINGS
  • III. OBSERVATIONS
  • 1. FOLIAR MICROMORPHOLOGY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY
  • 1.1 Significance of stomatal studies
  • 1.2 Observations
  • Stomatal index
  • Stomatal frequency
  • Palisade ratio
  • 1.3 A review of foliar morphological features
  • Fig. 1. EPIDERMAL PEELS OF LAMINA SHOWING STOMATAL ABNORMALITY
  • Fig. - 1
  • Fig. 2. EPIDERMAL PEELS OF LAMINA SHOWING STOMATAL ABNORMALITY
  • Fig. - 2
  • Fig. 3. EPIDERMAL PEELS OF LAMINA SHOWING STOMATAL ABNORMALITY
  • Fig. - 3
  • PLATE - 1 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE ABNORMAL STOMATA
  • PLATE - 1
  • PLATE - 2 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE ABNORMAL STOMATA
  • PLATE - 2
  • 1.4 Histochemistry of foliar epidermis
  • 1.5 Histochemical analysis: Observations
  • PLATE - 3 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF STOMATA SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF STARCH GRAINS
  • PLATE - 3
  • PLATE - 4 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF STOMATA SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OFSTARCH GRAINS
  • PLATE - 4
  • PLATE - 5 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF POLYPHENOLS AND SULPHATED AND CARBOXYLATED POLYSACCHARIDES
  • PLATE - 5
  • PLATE - 6 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF POLYPHENOLSAND SULPHATED AND CARBOXYLATED POLYSACCHARIDES
  • PLATE - 6
  • PLATE - 7 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF POLYPHENOLS AND SULPHATED AND CARBOXYLATED POLYSACCHARIDES
  • PLATE - 7
  • PLATE - 8 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF PROTEINS
  • PLATE - 8
  • PLATE - 9 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF INSOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES
  • PLATE - 9
  • PLATE - 10 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS SHOWING THE LOCALISATION OF LIPIDS
  • PLATE - 10
  • 1.6 Significance of histochemistry
  • 2. POLLEN MORPHOLOGY
  • 2.1 Significance of pollen morphology
  • 2.2 Principles of pollen morphology
  • 2.3 Morphological standards
  • 2.4 Observations
  • Fig. 4. PALYNOGRAM - DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION
  • Fig. - 4
  • Fig. 5. POLLEN GRAINS IN EQUATORIAL VIEW
  • Fig. - 5
  • Fig. 6. POLLEN GRAINS IN EQUATORIAL VIEW
  • Fig. - 6
  • Fig. 7. POLLEN GRAINS IN POLAR VIEW
  • Fig. - 7
  • PLATE - 11 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS
  • PLATE - 11
  • PLATE - 12 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS
  • PLATE - 12
  • PLATE - 13 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS
  • PLATE - 13
  • PLATE - 14 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS
  • PLATE - 14
  • PLATE - 15 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF POLLEN GRAINS
  • PLATE - 15
  • 2.5 Pollen morphology and its evolutionary significance in the taxa
  • 2.6 A review of the pollen morphological characters
  • 3. SEED MORPHOLOGY
  • 3.1 Significance of seed morphology
  • 3.2 Standards for the study of seed morphology
  • 3.3 Observations
  • Fig. 8. DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF SEEDSWITH DIFFERENT SHAPES
  • Fig. - 8
  • Fig. 9. SEEDS SHOWING VARIATION IN SIZE
  • Fig. - 9
  • Fig. 10. DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF SEEDS SHOWINGDISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE HAIRS AND CARUNCLE
  • Fig. - 10
  • Fig. 11. DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF SEEDS SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE HAIRS AND CARUNCLE
  • Fig. - 11
  • PLATE - 16 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF SEED SURFACE
  • PLATE - 16
  • PLATE - 17 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF SEED SURFACE
  • PLATE - 17
  • PLATE - 18 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF SEED SURFACE
  • PLATE - 18
  • PLATE - 19 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF SEED SURFACE
  • PLATE - 19
  • PLATE - 20 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF SEED SURFACE
  • PLATE - 20
  • PLATE - 21 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF SEED SURFACE
  • PLATE - 21
  • 3.4 Seed morphological and anatomical evolution in the taxa
  • 3.5 A review of seed morphological characters
  • 4. EMBRYOLOGY
  • 4.1 Significance of embryological studies
  • 4.2 Principles of embryology
  • 4.3 Observations
  • Fig. 12. ANTHER AND POLLEN GRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN SALOMONIA OBLONGIFOLIA
  • Fig. - 12
  • Fig. 13. THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF OVULE DEVELOPMENT IN SALOMONlA OBLONGIFOLIA, DC.
  • Fig. - 13
  • Fig. 14. ANTHER AND POLLEN GRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN POLYGALA ELONGATA, KLElN EX WILLD.
  • Fig. - 14
  • Fig. 15. THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF OVULE DEVELOPMENT IN POLYGALA ELONGATA, KLElN EX WILLD.
  • Fig. - 15
  • Fig. 16. ANTHER AND POLLEN GRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN XANTHOPHYLLUM FLAVESCENS, ROXB.
  • Fig. - 16
  • Fig. 17. THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF OVULE DEVELOMENT IN XANTHOPHYLLUM FLAVESCENS, ROXB.
  • Fig. - 17
  • PLATE - 22 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF MICROSPOROGENSIS INSALOMONlA OBLONGIFOLIA, DC.
  • PLATE - 22
  • PLATE - 23 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF SALOMONIA OBLONGIFOLIA, DC., SHOWING DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE MEGASPOROGENESIS
  • PLATE - 23
  • PLATE - 24 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF MICROSPOROGENESIS IN POLYGALA ELONGATA, KLElN EX WILLD.
  • PLATE - 24
  • PLATE - 25 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF MEGASPOROGENESIS IN POLYGALA ELONGATA, KLElN EX WILLD.
  • PLATE - 25
  • PLATE - 26 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF MICROSPOROGENESIS IN XANTHOPHYLLUM FLAVESCENS, ROXB
  • PLATE - 26
  • PLATE - 27 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF MEGAPOROGENESIS IN XANTHOPHYLLUM FLAVESCENS, ROXB.
  • PLATE - 27
  • IV. DISCUSSION
  • 1. Foliar Micromorphology
  • 2. Foliar Histochemistry
  • 3. Pollen Morphology
  • 4. Seed Morphology
  • 5. Embryology
  • 6. Systematic considerations of the family Polygalaceae
  • V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
  • VI. REFERENCES