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Title
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
List of Notations and Abbreviations
contents
1 Introduction
1.1 General Introduction
1.2 Fibre reinforced composites
1.3 Hybrid and woven fabrics composites
1.4 Factors influencing the properties of a fibre reinforced composite
1.4.1 Strength, modulus and chemical stability of fibre and matrix
1.4.2 Fibre length, loading and orientation
1.4.3 Presence of voids
1.4.4 Fibre-matrix interface
1.4.4.1 Theories of adhesion
1.4.4.2Interface modification
1.4.4.3Characterlsation of the interface
1.5 Composites based on organic fillers
1.5.1 Cellulose microfibril and cellulose whisker composites
1.5.2 Biodegradable composites IGreen Compositesl
1.5.3 Wood fibre composites
1.5.4 Composites reinforced with natural fibres
1.6 Processing techniques
1.7 Composites reinforced with sisal fibres
1.7.1 Sisal fibre reinforced thermoset composites
1.7.1.1 Sisal fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites
1.7.1.2 Sisal fibre reinforced rubber composites
1.8 Scope and objective
1.9 Plan of the thesis
2 Materials and experimental technique
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Sisal fibre
2.1.2 Polypropylene
2.1.3 Chemicals
2.1.4 Solvents
2.2 Fibre surface modification
2.2.1 Alkali treatment
2.2.2 PPG-TDI treatment
2.2.3 PMPPIC treatment
2.2.4 Maleic anhydride modified PP treatment
2.2.5 Benzoyl chloride treatment (benzoylation)
2.2.6 Permanganate treatment
2.3 Preparation of sisal-PP composites
2.4 Mechanical testing
2.5 IR spectroscopy
2.6 Scanning electron microscopy
2.7 Melt rheological studies
2.7.1 Melt rheological measurements
2.7.2 Die swell behaviour
2.7.3 Extrudate morphology analysis
2.7.4 Melt flow index
2.8 Dynamic mechanical analysis
2.9 Water sorption studies
2.10 Environmental effect
2.11 Thermogravimetric analysis
2.12 Crystallisation behaviour
2.13 Transcrystallinity studies
3 Effect of processing and chemical modifications on the physical and mechanical properties of short sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Results and discussion
3.2.1 Effect of processing
3.2.1.1 Effect of mixing characteristics
3.2.1.2 Effect of mixing technique
3.2.1.3 Effectoffibrelength
3.2.1.4 Effect offibre orientation
3.2.1.5 Effect of recyclability
3.2.2 Chemical modification
3.2.2.1 Effect of alkali treatment
3.2.2.2 Effect of TDI-PPG treatment
3.2.2.3 PMPPIC treatment
3.2.2.4 Effect of maleic anhydride treatment
3.2.2.5 Effect of maleic anhydride modified polypropylene (MAPP) treatment
3.2.2.6 Effect of benzoyl chloride (benzoylation)
3.2.2.7 Effect of permanganate treatment
3.2.2.8 Comparative efficiency of different treatments
3.2.3 Theoretical modelling
3.2.3.1 Modelling of tensile properties
4 Melt rheological behaviour of short sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results and discussion
4.2.1 Effect of shear rate and fibre loading on viscosity
4.2.2 Effect of fibre length and viscosity
4.2.3 Effect of processing techniques on viscosity
4.2.4 Effect of fibre treatment on viscosity
4.2.5 Die swell ratio
4.2.6 The flow behaviour index
4.2.7 Extrudate characteristics
4.2.8 Theoretical modelling
4.2.9 Melt flow index
5 Dynamic mechanical properties of short sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Results and discussion
5.2.1 Neat PP
5.2.2 Composites
5.2.2.1 Effect of the fibre loading
5.2.2.2 Effect of fibre length
5.2.2.3 Effect of chemical treatment
5.2.2.4 Effect of frequency and temperature
5.2.2.5 Time-temperature superposition analysis
5.2.2.6 Cole-Cole analysis
5.2.2.7 Theoretical modelling of viscoelastic properties
6 Enviornmental effects on the degradation behaviour of sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites
6.1 Results and discussion
6.1.1 Effect of fibre loading
6.1.2 Effects of chemical treatment
6.1.3 Moisture sorption mechanism and kinetics
6.1.4 Comparison with theory
6.1.5 Change in mechanical properties with water absorption
6.1.6 Ageing by UV radiations
7 The thermal and crystallisation studies of short sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Results and discussion
7.2.1 Thermogravimetric analysis
7.2.2 Differential Scanning Colorimetry Studies (DSC)
7.2.3 Transcrystallisation
8 conclusion and future outlook
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2