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Title
CERTIFICATE
DEDICATION
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PLATES
ABBREVIATIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Growth
2.1.1 Morphology
2.1.1.1 Plant height
2.1.1.2 Stem diameter
2.1.1.3 Branches
2.1.1.4 Number of leaves
2.1.1.5 Leaf thickness
2.1.2 Classical growth parameters
2.1.2.1 Total dry matter
2.1.2.2 Root dry weight
2.1.2.3 Leaf weight ratio
2.1.2.4 Root weight ratio
2.1.2.5 Ratio of shoot to root
2.1.2.6 Ratio of photosynthetic tissue to support tissue
2.1.2.7 Total leaf area per plant
2.1.2.8 Specific leaf weight
2.1.2.9 Specific leaf area
2.1.2.10 Leaf area ratio
2.1.2.11 Net assimilation rate
2.1.2.12 Relative growth rate
2.2 Anatomy
2.2.1 Foliar anatomy
2.2.2 Chloroplast structure
2.3 Respiration
2.4 Photosynthesis
2.4.1 Light response characterestics
2.4.2 Maximum photosynthetic rate
2.4.3 Photosynthetic pigments
2.4.3.1 Chlorophyll contents
2.4.3.2 Carotenoid contents
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Location
3.2 Physiography and climatology
3.2.1 Soil
3.3 Meteorological observations
1 Meterological observations during the period under study
3.4 Cultural practices and management
3.4.1 Materials
Plate I. Medicinal plants grown as intercrops in rubber plantations
(1) Strobilanthes heyneanus
(2) Plumbago rosea
(3) Adhatoda vasica
(4) Adhatoda beddomei
(5) Alpinia galanga
3.4.2 Planting
3.5 Treatments
Plate II. View of the experimental plots
3.6 Sampling
3.7 Parameters studied
3.8 Statistical techniques
3.9 Photography
4. RESULTS
4.1 Impact of shade on growth
4.1.1 Morphology
Plate III & IV Effect of different levels of shade on the growth of five species of medicinal plants
(1) Adhatoda bedomei
(2) Adhatoda vasica
(3) Alpinia galanga
(4) Plumbago rosea
(5) Strobilanthes heyneanus
4.1.2 Classical growth parameters
4.1 2.1 Total dry weight
4.1.2.2 Leaf dry weight
4.1.2.3 Stem dry weight
4.1.2.4 Root dry weight
4.1.2.5 Total leaf number
4.1.2.6 Total leaf area per plant
4.1.2.7 Ratio of above ground dry weight to underground dry weight
4.1.2.8 Ratio of photosynthetic tissue to support tissue
4.1.2.9 Single leaf area
4.1.2.10 Specific leaf weight
4.1.2.11 Specific leaf area
4.1.2.12 Leaf weight ratio
4.1.2.13 Crop growth rate
4.1.2.14 Relative growth rate
4.12.15 Net assimilation rate
4.1.2.16 Leaf area ratio
4.1.2.17 Leaf area growth rate
4.1.2.18 Leaf area duration
2 Height (cm) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
3 Total dry matter (g/plant) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
I Total dry matter (g/plant) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
4 Total leaf dry weight (g/plant) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
2 Total leaf dry weight (g/plant) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
5 Total stem dry weight (g/plant) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
3 Total stem dry weight (g/plant) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
6 Total root dry weight (g / plant) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
4 Total root dry weight (g / plant) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
7 Total leaf number per plant in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
5 Total leaf number per plant in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
8 Cumulative leaf area per plant (cm2) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
6 Total leaf area per plant (cm2) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
9 Above ground dry matter (g/plant) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
7 Above ground dry matter (g/plant) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
10 Ratio of above ground dry matter to below ground dry matter ratio in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
8 Above ground dry matter to below ground dry matter in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
11 Ratio of photosynthetic tissue to support tissue ratio in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
9 Photosynthetic tissue to support tissue in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
12 Single leaf area (CM) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
10 Single leaf area (cm) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
11 Specific leaf weight (g / cm2) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
13 Specific leaf weight (g / cm2) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
14 Specific leaf area (cm.g) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
12 Specific leaf area (cm2/g) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
15 Leaf weight ratio in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
13 Leaf weight ratio in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
16 Crop growth rate (.g, plant/day) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
14 Crop growth rate (g /plant / day) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
17 Relative growth rate (g / g / day) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
15 Relative growth rate (g /g / day) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
l 8 Net assimilation rate (g cm 2 leaf area day) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
16 Net assimilation rate (g cm-2 leaf area day) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
19 Leaf area ratio in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
17 Leaf area ratio in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
20 Leaf area growth rate (cm2 / day) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis.
18 Leaf area growth rate (cm2 / day) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
21 Leaf area duration in shade treated medicinal plants
19 Leaf area duration in different shade treatments of five species of medicinal plants
4.2 Impact of shade on foliar anatomy
Plate V. Transection of open and shade leaves x 125
(1) & (2) Adhatoda beddomei
(3) & (4) Adhatoda vasica
(5) & (6) Alpinia galanga
(7) & (8) Plumbago rosea
(9) & (10) Strobilanthes heyneanus
22 Foliar anatomy of open and shade (70%) plants
4.3 Impact of shade on photosynthesis and other related parameters
4.3.1 Photosynthesis
4.3.1.1 Diurnal changes in photosynthetic characteristics
20 Diurnal variation in meteorological variables in medicinal plants grown under open sunlight and 70% shade
21 Diurnal variation in photosynthetic rate (µmol /m2 / s) under open sunlight and 70% shade in five species of medicinal plants
22 Diurnal variation in conductance (mol / m2 / s) under open sunlight and 70% shade in five species of medicinal plants
23 Diurnal variation in transpiration (?mol / m2 / s) under open sunlight and 70% shade in five species of medicinal plants
4.3.1.2 Maximum photosynthetic rate
23 Photosynthetically active radiation recorded in different treatments in the month of February under clear sky condition
24 Maximum photosynthetic rate (µmol / m2 / s) in different treatments in the month of February under clear sky conditions
24 Maximum photosynthetic rate (?mol / m2 / s) in different treatments in the month of February under clear sky conditions
4.3.2 Photosynthetic pigments
4.3.2.1 Chlorophyll contents
25 Chlorophyll contents (mg/g dry weight) in shade treated Adhatoda beddomei at different periods of analysis
26 Chlorophyll contents (mg/g dry weight) in shade treated Adhatoda vasica at different periods of analysis
27 Chlorophyll contents (mg/g dry weight) in shade treated Alpinia galanga at different periods of analysis
28 Chlorophyll contents (mg / g dry weight) in shade treated Plumbago rosea at different periods of analysis
29 Chlorophyll contents (mg / g dry weight) in shade treated Strobilanthes heyneanus at different periods of analysis
25 Chlorophyll contents (mg/g dry weight) in shade treated Adhatoda beddomei at different periods of analysis
26 Chlorophyll contents (mg/g dry weight) in shade treated Adhatoda vasica at different periods of analysis
27 Chlorophyll contents (mg/g dry weight) in shade treated Alpinia galanga at different periods of analysis
28 Chlorophyll contents (mg/g dry weight) in shade treated Plumbago rosea at different periods of analysis
29 Chlorophyll contents (mg / g dry weight) in shade treated Strobilanihes heyneanus at different periods of analysis
4.3.2.2 Carotenoid contents
30 Carotenoid contents (mg / g dry weight) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
30 Carotenoid contents (mg/g dry weight) in shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
31 Carotenoid contents (mg/g dry weight) in. shade treated medicinal plants at different periods of analysis
5. DISCUSSION
5.1 Impact of shade on growth
5.1.1 Morphology
5.1.2 Classical growth parameters
5.2 Impact of shade on foliar anatomy
5.3 Impact of shade on photosynthesis and other related parameters
5.3.1 Photosynthesis
5.3.1.1 Diurnal changes in photosynthetic characteristics
5.3.1.2 Maximum photosynthetic rate
5.3.2 Photosynthetic pigments
5.3.2.1 Chlorophyll contents
5.3.2.2 Carotenoid contents
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY