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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND MAP
INTRODUCTION
Significance
CHAPTER SCHEME
PART I. SETTING OF THE STUDY
1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PULAYAS OF KERALA
Racial Background
Origin of the Name
Historical Background
Fall in Social Position
Social Disabilities
Economic Disabilities
Occupational Disabilities
Educational Disabilities
Religious Disabilities
Political Disabilities
Movements Against Slavery
Uplifting Measures
Occupation, the Principal Avenue
I. Map of Kerala.
Demographic Composition of the Scheduled Castes and thePulayas of Kerala
Table. 1.1 Demographic composition of the Scheduled Castes of Kerala.
Table. 1.2 Demographic composition of the Pulayas.
Educational Profile
Literacy Level of Scheduled Castes in Kerala
Table. 1.3 Literacy level of the Scheduled Castes of Kerala.
Table. 1.4 Percentage of the Pulaya students in the various schools of Ernakulam and Kottayam districts.
Employment Profile
Table. 1.5 Percentage of Scheduled Castes in the Central Government Service through reservation in 1953, 1966, 1975.
Table. 1.6 Percentage of Scheduled Castes in public undertaking in 1965 and 1975.
Table. 1.7 Representation of the Pulayas in Kerala Public Service in 1979.
NOTES
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The Concept of Stratification
The Functionalist Theory of Stratification
Caste Stratification
Gender Inequality
Social Mobility
Factors of Social Mobility
Marxian Conflict Approach
Caste Mobility
Westernization
Modernization
Secularization
Industrialization and Urbanization
Sanctity of Merit
Western Education
NOTES
3. RESEARCH DESIGN
The Problem
Objectives
Hypotheses
Key Concepts
1. Status
2. Social Mobility
3. Labour
4. Bonded Labour
5. Labour Participation
6. Occupational Mobility
7. Scheduled Castes
Approach to the Study
Universe or Population
Sample
Table. 3.1 Distribution of respondents according to age and sex.
Table. 3.2 Distribution of respondents according to education and sex.
Table. 3.3 Distribution of respondents according to marital status and sex.
Method of Data Collection
Tools of Data Collection
i. Interview Schedule A
ii. Interview Schedule B
Analysis of Data
Pilot Study
Case Study
NOTES
PART II. EMPIRICAL STUDY
4. EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENTS
Table. 4.1 Educational level of respondents based on sex.
Table. 4.2 District-wise classification of respondents based on education.
Age and Education
Table. 4.3 Distribution of respondents according to age and education.
Table. 4.4 Distribution of respondents according to age, education, and sex.
Education of the Respondents Parents
Table. 4.5 Distribution of respondents on the basis of the education of their parents.
Table. 4.6 Level of education of respondents and their parents based on sex.
Table. 4.7 Educational level of the three generations of the Pulayas.
Educational Level of the Respondents and Their Daughters, According to the Respondents Age
Table. 4.8 Educational level of the three generations of the Pulaya women.
Table. 4.9 Percentage of drop-outs among respondents.
Table. 4.10 Percentage of drop-outs according to age.
Reasons for Dropping out
Table. 4.11 Reasons for dropping out by female respondents according to age.
Respondents Age and the Dropping Out of Their Children
Table. 4.12 Dropping out among respondents children and age of respondents.
Table. 4.13 Perception of the knowledgeable people about the reason for dropping out studies by the Pulaya women.
Desire for Education Among Female Respondents
Table. 4.14 Desire for education among female respondents according to age.
Aim of the Respondents Parents inEducating their Children
Table. 4.15 Aim of respondents parents in educating the children and respondents age.
Table. 4.16 Sex-wise distribution of respondents showing their parents aim in educating their children.
Educational Esteem
Table. 4.17 Perception of the respondents regarding the attitude of the Pulayas and others towards each other, based on their education.
CONCLUSION
Mobility in Education
NOTES
5. OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY
Occupation of Grandparents
Table. 5.1 Occupation of the respondents grandparents.
Occupation of the Parents
Table. 5.2 Occupation of the respondents parents.
Occupation of the Respondents
Table. 5.3 Primary occupation of the respondents according to age.
Primary Occupation of the Pulaya Women
Table. 5.4 Primary occupation of the Pulaya women.
Table. 5.5 Primary occupation of the Pulaya women according to age.
Table. 5.6 Primary occupation of the female respondents and primary occupation of their mothers.
Respondents Previous Job and Present Job
Table. 5.7 Respondents previous job and present job.
Hereditary Occupation of the Respondents
Table. 5.8 Traditional job of respondents according to age.
Occupation of Respondents Daughters
Daughters Occupational Status and Respondents Age
Respondents Education and Their Daughters Occupational Status
Occupation of the Respondents and Occupation of the Daughters
Table. 5.9 Occupational mobility of the grandmother, mother, respondents and daughters.
Factors that Affect Occupational Mobility ofthe Pulaya Women
Education and Occupational Status
Table. 5.10 Distribution of respondents according to education and occupation.
Diagram 2. Distribution of all respondents according to their education and occupation.
Table. 5.11 Distribution of the Pulaya women according to education and occupation.
Diagram 3. Distribution of female respondents according to their education and occupation.
Motivation and Encouragement from Others
Table. 5.12 Primary occupation of the respondents and encouragement from others.
Reservation Policy and Other Developmental Programmes
Job Desire of the Pulayas
Table. 5.13 Respondents job desire based an age.
Table. 5.14 Job desire of female respondents based on age.
Table. 5.15 Job desire of the respondents based on education.
Reasons for Not Being Able to Fulfill the Job Desire
Table. 5.16 Reasons for not being able to fulfill the job desire based on age.
Table. 5.17 Education of the respondents and the reasons for not fulfilling the job desire.
Table. 5.18 Reasons for not being able to fulfill the job desire of the Pulaya women based on age.
Job Satisfaction
Table. 5.19 Job satisfaction of the respondents based on education.
Reasons for the Dissatisfaction With the Present Job
Table. 5.20 Reasons for the dissatisfaction with the present job based on education.
CONCLUSION
NOTES
6. ECONOMIC PROGRESS
Monthly Income of the Pulaya Women
Table. 6.1 Monthly income of the respondents based on sex.
Occupation and Income
Table. 6.2 Distribution of Pulaya women according to income and occupation.
Diagram 4. Distribution of Pulaya women according to their income and occupation.
Age and Income
Table. 6.3 Monthly income of the respondents based on age.
Monthly Income and Education
Monthly Income of Three Generations
Table. 6.4 Distribution of respondents based on income and education.
Savings
Number of Working Days
Status of Womens Income
Perception About Womens Income
Economic Position and Landholding Pattern
Table. 6.5 Landholding pattern of the Pulaya women based on occupation.
Landholding Pattern and Occupation
Income and Land
Table. 6.6 Income of the respondents based on land.
Fathers Landholding Pattern
Table. 6.7 Fathers landholding pattern.
Grandfathers Landholding Pattern
Landholding Pattern of the Three Generations
Changes in the Various Aspects of Life Style
1. Housing pattern
2. Dress pattern
3. Food habit
4. Medical treatment and health care
5. Reading habit
6. Method of cooking
7. Employing domestic servants
8. Consumer durables and personal possessions
Table. 6.8 Possession of vehicles based on respondents occupation.
Sentiment of the Respondents
CONCLUSION
NOTES
7. CHANGE IN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND SOCIAL ATTITUDES
1. House Visits
Table. 7.1 House visit habit of the Pulayas in their childhood based on age.
Table. 7.2 House visit habit of the Pulaya women in their childhood based on age.
Table. 7.3 Present house visit habit of the Pulayas based on age.
House visit habit and primary occupation of the respondents
Table. 7.4 House visit habit and primary occupation of the respondents.
Education and house visit
Table. 7.5 House visit habit and education of the respondents.
Table. 7.6 Habit of inviting higher caste members to the Pulaya households by the respondents and their parents.
2. Commensality
3. Untouchability
4. Views on Marriage
Occupation and Intercaste marriage
5. Attitude of Others
Education and change in attitude
Occupation and social attitude
Table. 7.7 Respondents occupation and the difference in the attitude of others after accepting more prestigious occupations.
Perception of the Pulaya Women Regarding their Status
Table 7.8 Occupation of the Pulaya women and perception about their improved status in society
Occupation and Self-respect
Table. 7.9 Primary occupation of the Pulayas and their feeling of self-respect.
Perception about Self-respect
Economic Condition and Social Status of the Pulaya Women
Perception about the Relationships Maintained with PulaYaSby the Members of Other Castes and Communities
(a) Would marry
Table. 7.10 Perception about the relationships maintained with the Pulayas by others.
Table. 7.11 Perception about the relationships with the Pulayas by others based on the respondents age.
(b) Would reside together
(c) Would eat together
(d) Would live in the same neighbourhood
(e) Would visit the house
(f) Would work together
(g) To use the Pulayas for doing menial jobs
Physical and Mental Torture
Cleanliness and Hygiene
Views on Caste and Reform
Social Relationships and Social Mobility
Membership in Social Organization
Membership in Trade Union
Membership in Caste Organization
Political Involvement
Perception about the Important Factors of Social Mobility
Table. 7.12 Perception about the important factors of social mobility of the Pulayas.
CONCLUSION
NOTES
8. CASE STUDIES
CASE I
Rejanis Maternal Grandmother, Thorankili--The First Generation
Rejanis Mother, Kunjupennu--The Second Generation
Rejani--The Third Generation
CASE II
Grandmother - Thevi
Mother - Ammini
Third Generation - Sumathykutty
PART III. SUMMARY
9. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
Occupational Mobility
Occupation and Age
Occupation and Social Status
Occupation and Social Interaction
Occupation and Economic Mobility
Economic Condition and Social Motility
Economic Mobility and Social Relationships
Education as a Factor for Social Mobility
Education and Social Attitude
Education and Occupation
Mobility in Education
Parents Education as a Factor
Desire for Education
Drop-Ou t
Political Activities and Social Status
Social Organization
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I. LABOUR PARTICIPATION AND SOCIAL MOBILITY AMONG THE PULAYA WOMEN OF RURAL KERALA
APPENDIX II. LABOUR PARTICIPATION AND SOCIAL MOBILITY AMONG THE PULAYA WOMEN OF RURAL KERALA