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TITLE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PREFACE
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
CONTENTS
I. NTRODUCTION
I.1. Advantages of short fibres in comparison to cord reinforcement
I.2. Comparison with fibre reinforced plastics
I.3. Component materials
I. 3.1 Types of fibre reinforcement
I. 3.2 Elastomer types
I.4. Bonding systems
I.5. Effects of rubber compounding ingredients
I.6. Mechanism of adhesion
I.7. Preparation of composites
I.8. Fibre dispersion
I.9. Fibre breakage
I.10. Processing characteristics
I.11. Fibre orientation
I. 11.1 Effect on flow behaviour
1.11.2 Effect of different processing techniques
I.12. Fibre orientation and Fibre distribution
I.13. Application of fibre. orientation
I.14. Critical fibre length
I.15. Design properties
I.16. Tensile strength
I.17. Tear strength
I.18. Fatigue and hysteresis properties
I.19. Creep
I.20. Modulus and elongation at break
I.21. Applications
I.21.1. v-belts
I.21.2. Hoses
I.21.3. Tyres
I.21.4. Other applications
I.22. Scope of the work
References
Table 1.1. Severity of breakage of different fibres
II. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL
II.l. Materials used
II.1.1. Natural rubber
II.1.2. Sisal fibre
II.1.3. Rubber chemicals
II.1.4. Other chemicals
II.1.5. Special chemicals
II.1.6. Solvents
II.2. Chemical treatment of fibre
II.3. Preparation of compounds
II.3.1. Composite preparation
II.3.2. Time of optimum cure
II.3.3. Moulding of test samples
II.3.4. Fibre breakage
II.4. Physical tests
II.4.1. Modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break
II.4.2. Tear resistance
II.4.3. Hardness
II.4.4. Abrasion resistance
II.4-5. compression set
II.4.6. Rebound resilience
II.5. Melt flow studies
II.5.1 Equipment details
II.5.2. Test procedure
II.5.3. Extrudate swell
II.6. Degradation studies
II.6.1. Ozone cracking
II.6.2. Radiation studies
II.6.3. Thermal ageing
II.7. Scanning electron microscopy studies
II.8. Dynamic mechanical properties
II.9. Stress relaxation
II.10. Swelling studies
References
Fig. II.I Determination of optimum cure time by modified tangent method.
Fig. II.2. Longitudinal and transverse orientation of the fibre.
III. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SHORT SISAL FIBRE- NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITES
III.1. Cure time
III.2. Effect of critical fibre length
III.3. Effect of chemical treatment
III.4. Effect of bonding agent
III.5. Effect of silica
III.6. Effect of fibre content
References
Fig.III.1a. SEM photomicrograph of the surface of theraw sisal fibre. 1b. SEM photomicrograph of the surface of acetylated sisal fibre.acetylated sisal fibre.
Fig.III.1c. SEM photomicrograph of tensile fracture surface of mix R showing good adhesion. Id. SEM photomicrograph of the surface of acetylated sisal fibre stripped out from mix E during tensile testing.
Fig.III.3c. SEM photomicrograph of the tear fracture surface of mix Q showing longitudinal fibre orientation. 3d. SEM photomicrograph of the. tear fracture surface of mix Q showing transverse fibre orientation.
Fig.III.8b. SEM photomicrograph of abraded surface ofmix S.8c. SEM photomicrograph of magnified abradedsurface of mix S.
IV. DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SHORT SISAL FIBRE-NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITES
IV.l. Effect of acetylation
IV.2. Effect of bonding agent
IV.3. Effect of fibre orientation
IV.4. Effect of fibre loading
References
Fig.IV.6a. SEM photomicrograph of the tensile fracture surface of mix B 6b. SEM photomicrograph of the tensile fracture surface of mix E
V. RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT SISAL FIBRE-NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITES
V.1. Fibre breakage
V.2. Effect of shear rate on viscosity
V.3. Effect of temperature on viscosity
V.4. Flow behaviour index
V.5. Extrudate distortion
V.6. Melt elasticity
V.6.1. Die swell
References
Fig.V.3a. SEM photomicrograph of the cut surface of the extrudate of mix R at a shear rate of 3.33s 3b. SEM photomicrograph of the extrudate of mix R at a shear rate of 333.3s-1.
Fig.V.3.c SEM photomicrograph of the cut surface of the extrudate of mix U at a shear rate of 3.333s-1 3d. SEM photomicrograph of the cut surface of the extrudate of mix U at a shear rate of 333.3s-1
Fig.V.8- Optical photograph showing the effect of shear rate and fibre loading on the deformation of extrudates of mixes 0, P, Q, R, E, J, T and U.
VI. STRESS RELAXATION BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT SISAL FIBRE-NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITES
VI.I. Fibre breakage
VI.2. Effect of strain level
VI.3. Effect of bonding agent
VI.4. Effect of fibre content
VI.5. Effect of ageing
VI.6. Effect of fibre orientation
References
VII. EQUILIBRIUM SWELLING BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT SISAL FIBRE-NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITES
VII.I. Effect of bonding agent
VII.2. Effect of fibre loading
VII.3. Dimensional changes
VII.4. Effect of acetylation
References
Fig.VII.8. Optical photograph of the swollen samples in hexane.
Fig.VII.10. The optical photograph of the samples Lo and Q, at equilibrium swelling in hexane.
VIII. DEGRADATION BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT SISAL.FIBRE-NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITES
VIII.I. Effect of radiation
VIII.2. Effect of thermal ageing
VIII.3. Effect of exposure to ozone
VIII.4. Effect of acetylation
References
Fig.VIII.8. Photograph of NR -sisal composites (with bonding agent) after exposure to ozone for40 h.
Fig.VIII.9. Photograph of NR-sisal composites (withoutbonding agent) after exposure to ozone for40 h.
Fig.VIII-10. Photograph of mixes Lo & Qo after exposure to ozone for 40 h.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX I
List of publications from this work
APPENDIX II
Papers presented in national / international conferences from this work