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TITLE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE-1
CERTIFICATE-2
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS
PREFACE
List of Papers Published/ communicated
Seminar Presentations
1. BIOLOGICAL MINERALIZATION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biological Crystals
1.3 Inhibitors and their Role in Biological Crystallization
1.4 Renal Calculi
1.5 Mechanisms in Urinary Stone Formation
1.6 Constituents of Renal Calculi
1.7 Theories of Stone Formation
References
2. THEORIES OF CRYSTAL GROWTH AND DIFFERENT – GROWTH METHODS
2.1 Thermodynamics of Crystal Growth
2.2 Nucleation
2.3 Theories of Crystal Growth
Fig.2.3: Growth Spiral kinks
2.4 Crystal Growth Techniques
Fig.2.4: Crystalisation in single tubes by chemical reaction method
References
3. GROWTH AND CHARACTERISATION OF CRYSTALS
3.1 Growth of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (WheweIlites)
3.2 Growth of Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate (Brushites)
3.3 Growth of Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate [Struvites)
3.4 Uric Acid
3.5 Cystine
3.6 Characterization
Fig.3.19: Geometry and atomic numbering of cystine
References
4. THERMAL DECOMPOSITION STUDIES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Experimental
4.3 Theory
4.4 Results and Discussions
References
5. MICROHARDNESS STUDIES
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Various Testing Methods
5.3 Microhardness and Crystal Defects
5.4 Experimental
5.5 Effect sf Dopents on Urinary Crystals
References
6. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF URINARY CRYSTALS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Theory
6.3 Experimental
Fig.6.1: Schematic representation of conductivity cell
6.4 Results and Discussions
6.5 Comparison of the Electrical Properties of Urinary Crystals
References
7. DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF URINARY CRYSTALS AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Review of Cavity Perturbation Method
7.3 Design and Fabrication of Cavity Resonators
7.4 Theory
Fig.7.1: Electric field distribution inside a rectangular cavity
7.5 Dielectric Properties of Grown Urinary Crystals and Natural Samples at Microwave Frequencies
References
8. CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER WORK
8.1 Summary of the Work