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Title
DEDICATION
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
Preface
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendices
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Superconductivity
1.3 High Tc superconductor
1.4 Diamagnetic properties of high Tc Superconductors
1.4.1 Meissner effect
1.4.2 Levitation properties
1.5 Electromagnetic shielding
1.6 Superconductor / polymer composites
1.7 Polymers
1.8 Copolymerization
1.9 Polyethylene-A highly applicable material
Fig.l.3 [1.64]: Space-filling model of a polyethylene chain
1.10 Classification of polyethylenes
1.11 Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)
1.12 Bibliography
1.13 Index
2. Experimental techniques
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Preparation of the superconductor, YBCO
2.3 Preparation of the LLDPE / superconductor composites
2.4 Willy Mill
Fig. 2.1: Willy Mill
Fig.2.2: Willy Mill with housing open
2.5 Density measurements
2.6 X-ray diffraction analysis
Fig. 2.3 [2.10]: X-ray diffractometer
Fig.2.4 [2.10]: Rotating anode X-ray generator
2.7 Thermal analysis
2.7.1 Differential thermal analysis
2.7.2 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
2.8 Polymer crystallinity
2.9 Theory of crystallization kinetics
2.10 Raman spectroscopy
Fig. 2.7 [2.21]: Raman spectrometer
2.11 Electrical measurements
2.11.1 Resistivity and critical temperature measurements Vander - Pauw method
2.11.2 Sample holder for low temperature resistivity measurements
Fig. 2.9: Schematic diagram of Sample holder
Fig. 2.10 [2.23]: Experimental setup for dc resistivity measurement.
2.12 Magnetic levitation measurements
2.13 Magnetic susceptibility measurements
2.14 Morphological studies
2.14.1 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Fig. 2.12 [2.25]: Scanning electron microscope
2.14.2 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Fig.2.13 [2.33]: Atomic force microscope
Fig.2.14: Schematic diagram of AFM technique
Fig. 2.15: A block diagram showing operating principle of AFM
2.15 Bibliography
2.16 Index
3. Electrical and Magnetic properties
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Percolation model
3.3 Mechanism of PTCR effects
3.4 Experimental details
3.5 Results and discussion
3.5.1 Electrical measurements
3.5.2 Magnetic properties
3.5.2 (i) Magnetic levitation measurements
3.5.2 (ii) Magnetic susceptibility measurements
3.6 Conclusions
3.7 Bibliography
3.8 Index
4. Thermal, crystallization and structural studies.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Experimental details
4.3 Results and discussion
4.3.1 Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) studies
4.3.1 (i) Melting behavior
4.3.1 (ii) Crystallization behavior
4.3.2 X-ray diffraction analysis
4.3.3 Raman studies
4.4 Conclusions
4.5 Bibliography
4.6 Index
5. Morphology and Microstructure
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experimental details
5.3. Results and discussion
5.3.1 Density measurements
5.3.2 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies
Fig.5.2 (A) - (I): AFM images of 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 100% superconductor samples.
5.3.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEMI) studies
Fig. 5.5 (A) - (G): SEM micrographs of composites containing 0, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, and100 vai.% of Y- 123 filler in LLDPE matrix
5.4 Conclusions
5.5 Bibliography
5.6 Index
6. Conclusion and scope for further work
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Scope for future work
APPENDIX 1 List of Publications
APPENDIX 2 Reprint of published paper