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Title
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
Preface
Symbols and abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Structure and stability of latex
1.2 Classification of latices
1.2.1 Natural rubber latex
1.2.2 Synthetic latices
1.2.3 Artificial latices
1.2.4 Chemically modified latices
1.3 Compounding of latex
1.3.1 Vulcanising agents
1.3.2 Accelerators
1.3.3 Antioxidants
1.3.4 Fillers and pigments
1.3.5 Surface-active agents and thickeners
1.3.6 Plasticisers
1.3.7 Special additives
1.4 Latex processing
1.5 Blending of latices
1.6 Film formation
1.7 Prevulcanisation of latices
1.7.1 Sulphur prevulcanisation
1.7.2 Peroxide prevulcanisation
1.7.3 Radiation prevulcanisation
1.8 Rheology of latices
1.9 Microcomposites
1.9.1 Latex microcomposites
1.10 Nanocomposites
1.10.1 Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites (PLSNs)
1.10.2 Structure and properties of layered silicates
1.10.3 Organically modified silicates (OLS)
1.10.4 Classification of PLSNs
1.10.5 Preparation of PLSNs
1.10.6 Characterisation of PLSNs
1.10.6.1 X-ray Diffraction technique (XRD)
1.10.6.2 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
1.10.6.3 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
1.10.6.4 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA)
1.10.7 Properties of PLSNs
1.10.7.1 Mechanical properties
1.10.7.2 Dynamic mechanical properties
1.10.7.3 Transport properties
1.10.7.4 Thermal stability
1.10.7.5 Rheological behaviour
1.10.8 Latex nanocomposites
1.11 Motivation for the study
1.12 Objectives of the work
1.13 References
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Natural rubber (NR) latex
2.1.2 Carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) latex
2.1.3 Compounding ingredients
2.1.3.1 Vulcanising agent
2.1.3.2 Accelerators
2.1.3.3 Fillers
2.1.3.4 Surface-active agents
2.2 Preparation of dispersions
2.3 Sample preparation
2.3.1 Blending of latices
2.3.2 Sulphur prevulcanisation of latex
2.3.3 Preparation of microcomposites
2.3.4 Preparation of nanocomposites
2.4 Characterisation techniques and property analyses
2.4.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
2.4.2 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
2.4.3 Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS)
2.4.4 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
2.4.5 UV- Visible spectroscopy
2.4.6 Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.4.7 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
2.4.8 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA)
2.4.9 Dielectric measurements
2.4.10 Mechanical properties
2.4.11 Cross link density measurements
2.4.12 Rheological measurements
2.4.13 Gas permeation analysis
2.4.14 Diffusion experiments
2.4.15 Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA)
2.4.16 Ageing studies
2.4.17 Ion- beam irradiation of latex Films
2.5 References
3 Morphology, dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties latex blends
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Results and discussion
3.2.1 Morphology of blends
3.2.2 Dynamic mechanical properties
3.2.3 Time- temperature superposition
3.2.4 Theoretical modeling of dynamic mechanical properties
3.2.5 Mechanical properties
3.2.6 Cross link density
3.2.7 Theoretical modeling of mechanical properties
3.3 Conclusion
3.4 References
4 Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of microcomposites
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results and discussion
4.2.1 Mechanical properties
4.2.2 Crosslink density
4.2.3 Estimation of degree of reinforcement
4.2.4 Tensile fracture surface analysis
4.2.5 Dynamic mechanical properties
4.2.6 Theoretical modeling of mechanical and viscoelastic properties
4.3 Conclusion
4.4 References
5 Mechanical properties of nanocomposites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Results and discussion
5.2.1 Characterisation
5.2.2 Morphology
5.2.3 Mechanical properties
5.2.4 Estimation of degree of reinforcement
5.2.5 Crosslink density
5.2.6 Theoretical modeling of elastic modulus
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 References
6 Dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties of nanocomposites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Results and discussion
6.2.1 Dynamic mechanical properties
6.2.2 Theoretical modeling of viscoelastic properties
6.2.3 Dielectric properties
6.3 Conclusion
6.4 References
7 Gas transport through nano and micro composite membranes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Results and discussion
7.2.1 Free volume measurements
7.2.2 Permeation of gases
7.2.3 Selectivity of membranes
7.2.4 Barrier property
7.3 Conclusion
7.4 References
8 Rheological behaviour of nanocomposites
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Results and discussion
8.2.1 Effect of shear rate and filler loading
8.2.2 Effect of temperature
8.2.3 Activation energy
8.2.4 Zero shear viscosity
8.2.5 Pseudoplasticity and yield stress
8.3 Conclusion
8.4 References
9 Diffusion and transport of liquids through micro and nano composites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Results and discussion
9.2.1 Latex microcomposites
9.2.1.1 Swelling behaviour
9.2.1.2 Diffusion coefficient and activation energy
9.2.1.3 Transport mechanism
9.2.1.4 Determination of thermodynamic parameters
9.2.1.5 Molecular weight between the cross links
9.2.2 Latex nanocomposites
9.2.2.1 Swelling behaviour
9.2.2.2 Diffusion coefficient and activation energy
9.2.2.3 Transport mechanism
9.2.2.4 Determination of thermodynamic is parameters
9.2.2.5 Molecular weight between the cross links
9.3 Conclusion
9.4 References
10 Thermal stability and ageing properties of micro and nano composites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Results and discussion
10.2.1 Latex micro composites
10.2.1.1 Thermo gravimetric analysis
10.2.1.2 Activation energy for degradation
10.2.1.3 Thermal ageing resistance
10.2.2 Latex nanocomposites
10.2.2.1 Thermal degradation analysis
10.2.2.2 Activation energy for thermal degradation
10.2.2.3 Thermal ageing resistance
10.3 Conclusion
10.4 References
11 Ion-beam irradiation of latices
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Results and discussion
11.2.1 Effect of ion- beam irradiation on late blends
11.2.1.1 UV / Visible spectroscopic analysis
11.2.1.2 Fourier transform infrared analysis
11.2.1.3 Scanning electron microscopic analysis
11.2.1.4 Crosslink density
11.2.2 Effect of ion- beam irradiation on Latex micro composites
11.2.2.1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis
11.2.2.2 Crosslink density
11.2.3 Effect of ion- beam irradiation on latex nanocomposite
11.2.3.1 Dielectric properties
11.3 Conclusion