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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
List of Notations and Abbreviations
PREFACE
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Elastomers
1.2. Modified forms of NR
1.2.1 Chemical modification of NR
1.3 Polymer blends
1.3.1 Reasons for blending
1.3.2 Preparation of elastomer blend
1.3.3 Factors affecting properties of elastomer blend
1.3.4 Thermodynamic criteria of miscibility
1.3.5 Compatibilization
1.3.6 Characterization of elastomer blends
1.3.7 Processing techniques
1.3.8 Processability and Rheology
1.3.9 Commercially successful elastomeric blends
1.4 Scope of the work
References
2. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of dichlorocarbene modified natural rubber
2.3. Estimation of chlorine content of the modified NR
2.4. Test for flammability
2.5. Preparation of mixes of elastomers and elastomeric blends
2.6. Processing characteristics
2.7. Kinetics of vulcanization
2.8. Preparation of vulcanized samples
2.9. Technological properties
2.10. Selective solvent swelling
2.11. Calculation of volume fraction of rubber
2.12. Characterization studies
Fig.2.2. Schematic representation of a scanning electron microscope column.
2.13. Degradation studies
2.13.1. Thermal aging
2.13.1.A. Stress relaxation studies
2.13.2. Exposure to ozonized air
Fig.2.3. Ozone chamber
2.13.3. Oil aging
2.13.4. Fuel aging
2.13.5. Exposure to gamma radiation
Fig.2.4. Gamma Chamber 5000
2.14. Measurement of rheological properties
References
Fig. 2.5. Schematic diagram of a Capillary rheometer
3. DICHLOROCARBENE MODIFICATION OF NATURAL RUBBER
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Preparation of dichlorocarbene modified natural rubber
3.3. Effect of time and temperature on chlorination
3.4. Characterization of DCNR
3.5. Cure characteristics and technological properties
3.6. Thermal aging characteristics
3.7. Solvent swelling
3.8. Oil swelling
39. Flame resistance
3.10. DCNR / HNBR blends
3.11. Conclusion
References
4. BLENDS OF NR AND HNBR - PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Effect of blend ratio
4.3. Effect of DCNR in 50/50 blends
4.4 Effect of method of blending
4.5 Effect of vulcanization system
4.6 Vulcanization kinetics of the blends
4.7 Blend characterization
4.8 Mechanical properties of the blends
4.9 Selective solvent swelling
4.10 Effect of filler
4.11. Conclusion
References
5. BLENDS OF NR AND HNBR - AGING CHARACTERISTICS
5.1 Introduction
5.2. Thermal aging
5.3. Oil aging
5.4. Fuel aging
5.5. Ozone aging
5.6. Exposure to γ ray irradiation
5.7. Conclusion
References
6. BLENDS OF NR AND HNBR- CHEMICAL CHANGES TAKING PLACE DURING AGING.
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Stress relaxation characteristics
6.3. Selective solvent swelling
6.4. Network structure of the blends
6.5. Change in network structure during aging
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. BLENDS OF NR WITH SPECIALITY RUBBERS – MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND AGING BEHAVIOR.
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Cure characteristics
7.3. Mechanical properties
7.4. Aging characteristics
7.4.A. Thermal aging
7.4.B. Oil aging
7.4.C. Ozone aging
7.4.D. Exposure to γ ray irradiation
7.5. Conclusion
References
8. RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF BLENDS OF NR AND HNBR
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Variation of viscosity with shear rate
8.2.i. Effect of blend ratio
8.2.ii. Effect of DCNR
8.3. Variation of viscosity with temperature
8.4. Elasticity
8.5. Die swell
8.5.i. Effect of blend ratio
8.5.ii. Effect of DCNR
8.5.iii. Effect of filler
8.6. Extrudate appearance
8.7. Conclusion
References
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Dichlorocarbene modification of natural rubber
Role of DCNR as interface modifier in blends of NR with HNBR
Effect of DCNR on aging characteristics of blends of NR with HNBR
Comparative evaluation of blends of NK with CR, EPDM, HNBR and NBR
Flow characteristics of NR/HNBR blends with reference to DCNR as interface modifier
CONCLUSION
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