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  • Title
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • DEDICATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • List of Tables
  • List of Figures
  • I Introduction
  • I.1 Water Availability
  • I.2 Water Resources of Kerala
  • 1 1 Water Resource Potential- India and Cereal
  • I.3 Water Demand
  • 1.2 District - wise Ground Water Potential of Kerala
  • I.4 Drinking Water
  • 1.3 Access to Safe Drinking Water - Global
  • I.5 Drinking Water Scenario - Kerala
  • 1 4 Drinking Water Coverage by Habitation and by Population - National Perspective
  • 1 5 District - wise Population Coverage by Rural and Urban Water Supply Schemes in Kerala as on 31-12-1999
  • I.6 Subject Matter
  • 1 6 Status of Drinking Water Supply Coverage by Habitation in Kerala, as on 30-4-2000
  • I.7 Objectives of the Study
  • I.8 Methodology
  • I.8.1 Source and Collection of Data
  • I.8.2 Data Analysis
  • I.9 Reference Periods of the Study
  • I.10 Limitations of the Study
  • I.11 Scheme of Presentation
  • Reference
  • II Review of Literature
  • 2.1 Economics of Drinking Water Supply
  • 2.2. Studies on Project Evaluation / Economic Evaluation
  • 2.3. Benefit - Cost Analysis
  • Reference
  • III Trends in Drinking Water Supply
  • 3.1. Trends in Drinking Watcr Supply - National Perspectives
  • 3.1 Plan Outlay on Water Supply and Sanitation under Different Five Year Plans - India
  • 3.1 Outlay on Water Supply and Sanitation in General and on Rural Water Supply in Particular Under Different Five Year Plans
  • 3.1.1. Institutional Aspects
  • 3.2. Trends in Drinking Water Supply Sector - Kerala
  • 3.2 Trends in the Percentage of Population Covered by Protected Drinking Water Supply over the Years - Kerala
  • 3.2 Percentage of Population Covered by Protected Drinking Water Supply - Kerala
  • 3.3 Details of Water Supply Schemes Completed in Different Years, - Kerala
  • 3.4 Plan Outlay on Social Services, Water Supply, and Health - Kerala
  • 3.3 Plan Outlay on Social Services, Water Supply, and Sanitation- Kerala
  • 3.5 Plan Outlay on Rural Water Supply under Different Five year Plans - Kerala
  • 3.4 Plan Outlay on Rural Water Supply Under Different Pans - Kerala
  • 3.3. Present Status of Water Supply Schemes - Kerala
  • 3.3.1. Internally Sourced Schemes
  • 3.6 District-Wise Abstract of Water Supply Schemes in Operation in Kerala as on 31-03-2001 (Schemes Category-wise)
  • 3.7 District-wise Abstract of Ongoing Water Supply Schemes in Kerala as on 31-03-2001 (Schemes Category-wise)
  • 3.8 L I C / HUDCO aided Drinking Water Supply Schemes-Kerala
  • 3.3.2 Externally Sourced Schemes
  • 3.9 World Bank Aided Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Kerala
  • 3.10 Flow of Funds and Financing Water Supply Schemes - Kerala
  • 3.11 Netherland Assisted Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Kerala
  • 3.12 Danish Assisted Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Kerala
  • 3.13 JBIC Schemes - Kerala
  • 3.4. Conclusion
  • Notes and References
  • IV Profile of the Study Area and Sample
  • 4.1. World Bank Project -An Overview
  • 4.1 Major Components of World Bank Project - Puthencruz
  • 4.2. Socio-Economic Features of Sample Households - World Bank Project
  • 4.2.1. Age Composition
  • 4.2.2. Educational Status
  • 4.2 Age Composition -World Bank Project Area
  • 4.2.3.Occupational Distribution
  • 4.3 Literacy Level in the World Bank Project Area
  • 4.4 Employment Status - the World Bank Project Area
  • 4.5 Occupational Structure - the World Bank Project Area
  • 4.2.4. Income Distribution
  • 4.6 Distribution of Total Monthly Income - the World Bank Project Area
  • 4.2.5. Classification of Households on the Basis of Source of DrinkingWater
  • 4 7 Classification of House holds on the Basis of the Beneficiarys intake Sources of Drinking Water- World Bank Project
  • 4 8 Classification of House holds on the Basis of Source of Drinking Water-Details
  • 4 9 Source of Water* Accessibility Cross Tabulation - World Bank Project
  • 4.3. LIC Project - A Brief Sketch
  • 4.10 Income - wise Distribution of Source of Drinking Water - World Bank Project
  • 4.4. Socio-Economic Features of Sample Households - the LIC Project Area
  • 4.4.1 Age Composition - LIC Project Area
  • 4.4.2 Educational Status
  • 4.11 Age Composition- LIC Project Area
  • 4.4.3 Occupational Distribution
  • 4.12 Educational Status - LIC Project Area
  • 4.13 Employment Status - LIC Project Area
  • 4.4.4. Income Distribution
  • 4.14 Occupational Structure - LIC Project Area
  • 4.4.5. Classification of Households on the Basis of Source of DrinkingWater - LIC Project
  • 4.15 Classification of House holds on the Basis of Monthly Income - LIC Project
  • 4 16 Classification of House holds on the Basis of the Beneficiarys Intake Sources of Drinking Water- LIC Project
  • 4 17 Classification of House holds on the Basis of Source of Drinking Water -Details
  • 4 18 Source of Water* Accessibility Cross Tabulation LIC Project
  • 4 19 Income - wise Distribution of Source of Drinking Water --LIC Project
  • 4.5. Conclusion
  • Notes and References
  • V Performance of Rural Drinking Water Supply Projects - A Comparison Between World Bank and LIC Aided Projects
  • 5.1. Per Capita Consumption of Water Per Day in World Bank and L.I.C Project Areas
  • 5.2 Distributional Aspects
  • 5 1 Percapita Consumption of Water Per day Per Household in World Bank and LIC Project Areas
  • 5.2.1 Under l Utilisation Due to Non-Accessibility
  • 5.2.2 Under Utilisation Due to Inward Rigidity of the Norm
  • 5.3. Distance Travelled to Collect Water
  • 5 2 Distance Between the house and Public Water Source - World Bank and LIC Project Areas
  • 5.4. Water Delivery Rate at Source (Litres Per Minute)
  • 5.3 Household Preference for Different Sources of Drinking Water in the World Bank and the LIC Project Areas
  • 5.4 Water Delivery Rate in World Bank and LIC Project Areas (Liters per Minute)
  • 5.5 Response of the Households on the Average Availability of Water
  • 5. 5 Household Response on the Availability of Water per day in World Bank and LIC Project Areas
  • 5.6 Performance Comparison of World Bank and LIC Projects
  • 5.6 Performance of World Bank Project with Respect to Prescribed Government Norms
  • 5.7 Performance of LIC Project with Respect to Prescribed Government Norms
  • 5.8 Response of the Households Towards the General Performance of the Schemes - World Bank and LIC: Projects
  • 5.7. Test of Significance of the Difference Between Arithmetic Mean of World Bank and L.IC Projects in Respect of Selected Parameters (Normal Test)
  • 5.7.1 Percapita Consumption of Water
  • 5.7.2 Distance Between the House and Public Water Source
  • 5.9Test of Significance of the Difference Between Arithmatic mean of World Bank and LIC Projects in Respect of Percapita Consumption of Water
  • 5.7.3 Water Delivery Rate at Source (Litres Per Minute)
  • 5.10 Test of Significance of the Difference Between Arithmetic mean of World Bank and LIC Projects in Respect of the Distance Between the Home and Public Water Source
  • 5.7.4 Availability of Water Per Day
  • 5.11 Test of Significance of the Difference Between Arithmetic mean of World Bank and LIC Projects in Respect of the Rate of Flow of Water Through Public Taps
  • 5.8. Test of Significance of lhe Difference Between Variance of WorldBank and LIC Projects in Respect of Selected Parameters (F-Test)
  • 5 12 Test of Significance of the Difference Between Arithmatic mean of World Bank and LIC Projects in Respect of the Availability of Water
  • 5.13 Test of Significance of the Difference Between Vaiances of World Bank and LIC Projects in Respect of Selected Parametres
  • 5.9 Conclusion
  • Reference
  • VI Economic Evaluation of Selected Water Supply Schemes - Static Analysis
  • 6.1 Methodology of Benefit-Cost Analysis
  • 6.1.1 Selection of Social Rate of Discount
  • 6.2 Benefit-Cost Analysis in Rural Drinking Water Supply Projects
  • 6.2.1 Calculation of Time Benefit
  • 6.2.2 Calculation of Health Benefit
  • 6.2.3 Calculation of Cost
  • 6.3 Assumptions of BCA
  • 6.4 Benefit-Cost Estimation of the Selected World Bank Project
  • 6.4.1 Evaluation of Benefits
  • 6.4.1.1 Estimation of Water Tariff
  • 6 1 Water Tariff - World Bank Project
  • 6.4.1.2 Estimation of Time Saved
  • 6.4.1.3 Estimation of the Opportunity Cost of Man-days Saved from Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases
  • 6.2 Incidences of Water Borne Diseases Occurred in World Bank Project Area
  • 6.4.1.4 Estimation of Public Expenditure Saved Owing to Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases
  • 6.4.1.5 Estimation of Private Expenditure Saved from Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases
  • 6.4.2 Summary of Total Benefits - World Bank Project
  • 6 3 Recurring Cost of World Bank Project
  • 6.4.3 Evaluation of Cost - World Bank Project
  • 6 4 Present Value of Recurring Cost -World Bank Project
  • 6..5 Present Value of Various Benefits - World Bank Project
  • 6.5. Benefit-Cost Estimation of LIC Project
  • 6.5.1 Evaluation of Benefits -- LIC Project
  • 6.5.1.1 Estimation of Water Tariff
  • 6.5.1.2 Estimation of Time Saved - LIC project
  • 6.6 Details of Revenue Collected by LIC Project in Respect of Water Tariff.
  • 6.5.1.3 Estimation of Man-days Saved from Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases - LIC Project
  • 6.7 Incidences of Water Borne Diseases that Occurred in the LIC Project Area
  • 6.5.1.4 Estimation of Public Expenditure Saved from Avoidance of WaterBome Diseases
  • 6.5.1.5 Estimation of Private Expenditure Saved from Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases - LIC Project
  • 6.5.2. Summary of Total Benefits - LIC Project
  • 6.8 Present Value of Various Benefits
  • 6.5.3 Evaluation of Cost - LIC Project
  • 6 9 Present Value of Recurring Cost - LIC Project
  • 6 10 Present Value of Various Benefits - LIC Project
  • 6.11Relative Contribution of Components of Benefits to Total Benefits - World Bank and LIC Projects.
  • 6.6 Comprehensive Benefit-Cost Table
  • 6.12 Comprehensive Benefit-Cost Table Pertaining to World Bank and LIC Projects.
  • 6.7 Evaluation of the Results
  • 6.8 Conclusion
  • Reference
  • VII Economic Evaluation of World Bank and L IC Projects - Dynamic Analysis
  • 7.1 Trend Projections
  • 7.2 Assumptions Specific to the Dynamic Analysis
  • 7.3 Projection Estimates of the World Bank Project
  • 7.3.1 Projection of Population
  • 7.3.2 Projected Estimates of the Households
  • 7.3.3 Projected Estimate of the Benefits
  • 7.3.3.1 Estimation of Annual Water Tariff
  • 7.3.3.2 Value of Time Saved from Fetching Water
  • 7.1 Value of Time Saved From fetching Water - World Bank Project
  • 7.3.3.3 Man-days Saved from Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases
  • 7.2 Value of Madness Saved due to Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases -- World Bank Project
  • 7.3.3.4 Public Expenditure Saved from the Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases
  • 7.3.3.5 Private Expenditure Saved from Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases
  • 7.3 Value of Public and Private Expenditure Saved due to Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases - World Bank Project
  • 7.3.4 Evaluation of Cost-World Bank Project
  • 7.4 Projection Estimates of the L[C Project -Dynamic Model
  • 7.4.1 Projection of Population
  • 7.4.2 Projected Estimates of tht: Households - LIC Project
  • 7.4.3 Projected Estimates of Benefits - LIC Project
  • 7.4.3.1 Estimation of Water lariff - LIC Project
  • 7.4.3.2 Value of time saved from fetching water - LIC Project
  • 7.4.3.3 Value of Man-days Saved from Avoiding Waterborne Diseases
  • 7.4 Value of Mandays Saved Due to Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases -- LIC Project
  • 7.4.3.4 Public Expenditure C, aved from Avoidance of Water BorneDiseases
  • 7.4.3.5 Private Expenditure Saved from Avoidance of Water BorneDiseases
  • 7.5 Value of Private and Public Expenditure Saved Due to Avoidance of Water Borne Diseases - LIC Project
  • 7.4.4 Estimation of cost - LIC Project
  • 7.5 Comprehensive Benefit-Cost Table of World Bank and LIC Projects-Dynamic Analysis
  • 7.6 Comprehensive Benefit-Cost Table Pertaining to World Hank and LIC Projects
  • 7.6 Evaluation of the Results - Ilynamic Analysis
  • 7.7 Relative Contribution of Benefit Components to Total Benefit - LIC Project
  • 7.8 Results of Static & Dynamic Analysis - A Comparison
  • 7.7 Conclusion
  • Notes and References
  • VIII Summary and Conclusion
  • 8.1 Summary
  • 8.2 Findings of the Study
  • 8.2.1 Trends in the Provision of Rural Drinking Water- India and Kerala
  • 8.2.2. Performance of the World Bank and the LIC Projects in Comparison with the Prescribed Government Norms
  • 8.2.3 Economic Evaluation of World Bank and LIC Projects-Static andDynamic Analysis
  • 8.3 Contributions of the Stucly
  • 8.4 Recommendations
  • 8.5 Conclusion
  • APPENDICES
  • APPENDIX A Terms and Conditions of LIC Loan to Drinking Water Supply Projects
  • APPENDIX B Terms & Conditions of World Bank Loan to Drinking Water Supply Projects
  • APPENDIX C Tables Pertaining to Dynamic Analysis
  • APPENDIX D Format of the Survey Schedules I, II, III and IV
  • Select Bibliography