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Title
DEDICATION
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
Preface
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Isolation of test organisms
2.2 Culture conditions
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
2.3 Test procedure
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
2.4 Growth measurements
2.4.1 Measurement of cell concentration
2.4.2 Quantitative estimation of algal pigments by spectrophotometry
2.4.3 Productivity measurement
2.4.4 Estimation of biochemical compounds
1 Carbohydrate (Kochert, 19783)
2 Protein (Dorsey 1978)
2.5 Photomicrography
2.6 Statistical analysis
Modified ward and parish medium for chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Modified ward and parish medium for chlorella ellipsoidea, gerneck macronutrients
Modified ward and parish medium for scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) lagerheim
Plate 2.1
a. Stock cultures of test organisms
b. Experimental set up
3 Observations and results
3.1 Effect of selected macronutrients on the growth and physiology of microalgae in culture
3.1.1 Phosphorus (P)
3.1.1.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) rabenhorst
3.1.1.2 Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
3.1.1.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Table 1.1 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Table 1.2 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Table 1.3 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Table 1.4 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Table 1.5 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Table 1.6 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesmus bijuga (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 1.1 Effect of phosphorus (P) on the population growth of test organisms
Fig. 1.2 Effect of phosphorus (P) on the pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Fig. 1.3 Effect of phosphorus (P) on the pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Fig. 1.4 Effect of phosphorus (P) on the pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 1.5 Effect of phosphorus (P) on the rate of carbon production (mg C l-1 hr-1) of test organisms
Fig. 1.6 Effect of phosphorus (P) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
Plate -3.1 Effect of phosphorus on the morphology of microalgae
a. Cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst grown in P-deficient medium
b. Cells of C.humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst treated with 0.24 ppm P
c. P-deficit cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
d. Cells of C. ellipsoidea, Gerneck treated with 0.24 ppm P
e. P-deficient cells of Scenedesmus bijugo, (Turp.) Lagerheim
f. S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 0.24 ppm P
3.1.2 Calcium (Ca)
3.1.2.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
3.1.2.2 Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
3.1.2.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Table 2.1 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Table 2.2 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum hurnicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Table 2.3 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorella elipsoides, Gerneck
Table 2.4 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Table 2.5 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Table 2.6 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesrnus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 2.1 Effect of calcium (Ca) on the population growth of test organisms
Fig. 2.2 Effect of calcium (Ca) on the pigment content of Chlorococcunm humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Fig. 2.3 Effect of calcium (Ca) on the pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Fig. 2.4 Effect of calcium (Ca) on the pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 2.5 Effect of calcium (Ca) on the rate of carbon production (mg C l-1 hr-1) of test organisms
Fig. 2.6 Effect of calcium (Ca) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
b. Cells of C. humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst grown in 1.6 ppm Ca
Plate 3.2 Effect of calcium on the morphology of microalgae
a. Ca-deficient cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
c. Ca-deficient cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
d. C. ellipsoidea, Gerneck exposed to 0.8 ppm Ca
e. Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim grown in Ca-deficient medium
f. S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 0.8 ppm Ca
3.1.3 Magnesium
3.1.3.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
3.1.3.2 Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
3.1.3.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Table 3.1 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhors
Table 3.2 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum hurnicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Table 3.3 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Table 3.4 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Table 3.5 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Table 3.6 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 3.1 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on the population growth of test organisms
Fig. 3.2 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on the pigment content of Chlorucuccum humicula, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Fig. 3.3 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on the pigment content of Chorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Fig. 3.4 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on the pigment content of Scenedesnzus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 3.5 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on the rate of carbon production (mg C l-1 hr-1) of test organisms
Fig. 3.6 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
Plate 3.3
a. Mg-deficient cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
b. Cells of C. humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst exposed to 2.9 ppm Mg
c. Mg-deficient cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
d. Cells of C. ellipsoidea, Gerneck treated with 1.46 ppm Mg
e. Mg-deficit cells of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
f. S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 2.9 ppm Mg
3.2 Effect of selected micronutrients on the growth and metabolism of test organisms
3.2.1 Iron
3.2.1.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
3.2.1.2 Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
3.2.1.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheirn
Table 4.1 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Table 4.2 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Table 4.3 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Table 4.4 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Table 4.5 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Table 4.6 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 4.1 Effect of iron (Fe) on the population growth of test organisms
Fig. 4.2 Effect of iron (Fe) on the pigment content of Chlorococcum hurnicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Fig.4.3 Effect of iron (Fe) on the pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Fig. 4.4 Effect of iron (Fe) on the pigment content of Scerredesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 4.5 Effect of iron (Fe) on the rate of carbon production (mg C l-1 hr-1) of test organisms
Fig. 4.6 Effect of iron (Fe) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
plate 3.4 Effect of iron on the morphology of microalgae
a. Fe-deficient cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
b. Cells of C. humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst grown in the medium with 0.0075 ppm Fe
c. Fe-deficit cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
d. Cells of C. ellipsoidea, Gerneck exposed to 0.015 ppm Fe
e. Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim grown in Fe-deficient medium
f. S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 0.015 ppm Fe
3.2.2 Manganese
3.2.2.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
3.2.2.2 Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
3.2.2.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Table 5.1 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Table 5.2 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Table 5.3 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Table 5.4 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Table 5.5 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Table 5.6 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 5.1 Effect of manganese (Mn) on the population growth of test organisms
Fig. 5.2 Effect of manganese (Mn) on the pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Fig. 5.3 Effect of manganese (Mn) on the pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Fig. 5.4 Effect of manganese (Mn) on the pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 5.5 Effect of manganese (Mn) on the rate of carbon production (mg C l-1 hr-1) of test organisms
Fig. 5.6 Effect of manganese (Mn) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
Plate 3.5 Effect of manganese on the morphology of microalgae
a. Cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst cultivated in Mn-deficient medium
b. Cells of C. humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst grown in the medium with 0.07 ppm Mn
c. Mn-deficit cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
d. Cells of C, ellipsoidea, Gerneck grown in the medium with 0.035 pprn Mn
e. Mn-deficit cells of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
f. Cells of S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 0.035 ppm Mn
3.2.3 Zinc
3.2.3.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
3.2.3.2 Chlorella ellipsoida, Gerneck
3.2.3.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Table 6.1 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Table 6.2 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Table 6.3 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the population growth and pigment content of.Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Table 6.4 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Table 6.5 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Table 6.6 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 6.1 Effect of zinc (Zn) on the population growth of test organisms
Fig. 6.2 Effect of zinc (Zn) on the pigment content of Chlorococcum, humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
Fig. 6.3 Effect of zinc (Zn) on the pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
Fig. 6.4 Effect of zinc (Zn) on the pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
Fig. 6.5 Effect of zinc (Zn) on the rate of carbon production (mg C I-1 hr-1) of test organisms
Fig. 6.6 Effect of zinc (Zn) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
Plate 3.6 Effect of zinc on the morphology of microalgae
a. Zn-deficient cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
b. Cells of C. humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst exposed to 0.06 ppm Zn
c. Zn-deficit cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
d. Cells of C. ellipsoidea, Gerneck treated with 0.08 ppm Zn
e. Zn-deficit cells of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
f. Cells of S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 0.06 ppm Zn
4 Discussion
Phosphorus
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Manganese
Zinc
5 Conclusion
6 Summary
7 References