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Full Screen- TITLE
- DECLARATION
- CERTIFICATE 1
- CERTIFICATE-2
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- CONTENTS
- 1 INTRODUCTION
- I. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- Cigarette Smoke
- Alcohol
- Occupational Exposures
- Heat Exposure
- Organic Solvents
- Heavy Metals
- Environmental Contaminants
- II. IATROGENIC FACTORS
- Herniorrahaphy
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
- Drugs
- Ill. ACQUIRED DEFECTS OF THE TESTIS, PROSTRATE ANDSPERM
- Orchitis
- Syphilis
- Epididymal infections (epididymitis)
- Immunologic causes: Antisperm antibodies
- Varicocele
- IV. DEVELOPMENTAL AND STRUCTURAL DEFECTS OF THETESTIS AND SPERM.
- Cryptorchidism
- Genetic causes
- Sertolicell only syndrome
- Spermatogenic arrest
- Anomalies of sperm structure (Immotile cilia syndrome or., Kartageners syndrome)
- Globozoospermia
- V. HORMONAL CAUSES AND ANDROGEN RESISTANCE
- Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
- Hyper prolactinaemia
- VI. SYSTEMIC DISEASES
- VII. IMPAIRMENT OF SPERM TRANSPORT (OBSTRUCTIVEAZOOSPERMIA)
- VIII. PROBLEMS OF EJACULATION
- Retrograde ejaculation
- Anejaculation
- IX. SEXUAL DYSFUNCTlON
- Male erectile dysfunction
- INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION
- 2 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: BACKGROUND
- Hormonal Regulation
- 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- I. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- Cigarette smoke
- Alcohol
- Occupational Exposures
- Heat exposure
- Organic solvents
- Heavy metals
- Environmental contaminants
- II. IATROGENIC FACTORS
- Ill. ACQUIRED DEFECTS OF THE TESTIS, PROSTRATE ORSPERM
- Antisperm antibody
- Varicocele
- IV. DEVELOPMENTAL AND STRUCTURAL DEFECTS OF THETESTIS OR SPERM
- Genetic Causes
- V. HORMONAL CAUSES AND ANDROGEN RESISTANCE
- INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION
- 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS
- I. STUDY POPULATION
- II. QUESTIONNAIRES
- Ill. SEMEN ANALYSIS
- Initial macroscopic examination
- Liquefaction
- Appearance
- Volume
- Viscosity
- pH
- Initial microscopic investigation
- Assessment of Sperm motility
- Agglutination
- Assessment of Sperm Concentration
- Assessment of sperm morphology.
- Preparation of smears
- 1.Staining method
- Staining procedure
- Assessment of sperm morphology
- 2. Test simplets R Prestained slides
- Immature germinal cells and mature sperm.
- IV. SPERM PREPARATION FOR INTRA UTERINE INSEMlNATlON
- 1. The Swim - up technique
- Sperm proparation media
- Components
- Procedure
- 2. Two step discontinuous buoyant density gradient centrifugation
- Reagents
- Procedure
- V. CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS
- Culture Requirements
- Preparation of solutions for Harvesting
- Harvesting and slide Preparation
- G Banding
- I. Phosphate buffer for trypsin
- II. Trypsin Solution
- VI HORMONAL ASSAY
- VII STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
- 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Fig. 1. Percentage of infertility type among three age groups
- Fig. 2. Distribution of sperm count among 319 patients
- Fig. 3. Distribution of percentage morphology among 319 patients
- PLATE I
- a, b Normal Spermatozoa
- c, d.& e. Spermatozoa with double head
- f, g Small headed spermatozoa
- h Spermatozoon with tapered head
- PLATE II
- a, b, c, d, e & f: Head defects - amorphous pattern
- g Round spermatid
- h Spermatozoon with amorphous headand thin mid piece
- PLATE III
- a Spermatozoa with thick mid piece
- b. Assymetrical insertion of mid piece
- c. Spermatozoon with bent neck
- d Spermatozoon with pyriform head and double tail
- e A spermatozoon with normal head and double tail
- f Spermatozoon with tail defect (Coiled tail)
- g Spermatozoa with double tail and vacuolated head
- h Spermatozoa with amorphous head
- PLATE IV
- a, b: Spermatozoa with amorphous head and cytoplasmicdroplets in mid piece region.
- c. Pin head
- d: Multiple defects of spermatozoa observed in a singleinfertile patient.
- e Tapered head
- f, e: 2 Neutrophils (leucocytes)
- h Immature germ cell
- Fig. 4. Distribution of motility percentage among 319 patients
- Monomorphic pattern of sperm abnormalities
- PLATE V
- a, b&c: Macrocephalic spermatozoa with double tail
- d, e, f Decapitated spermatozoa
- g&h Globozoospermia
- Symbols commonly used in pedigree charts
- PLATE VI
- a Normal Male Karyotype
- b. G- Banded karyotype showing 47, XXY patternobserved in Klinefelter syndrome patients
- PLATE VII
- c. G banded karyotype showing reciprocal translocationinvolving chromosome 5 & 13 observed in severeoligoastheno teratozoospermic cases.
- d: G banded karyotype showing Robertsonian translocationbetween chromosome 21 and 13 in severe oligospermicmales.
- Fig. 13. Percentage of cases and distribution of diagnosisinvestigated m the present study
- INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION
- 6 CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES