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Full Screen- Title
- CERTIFICATE 1
- CERTIFICATE-2
- DECLARATION
- DEDICATION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- CONTENTS
- List of Abbreviations
- 1 Introduction
- 1. Histopathological analysis of lung cancer
- 2. Peroxidative indices of nicotine induced lung cancer
- 3. Biochemical changes in nicotine-carcinogenesis
- 2 Review of Literature
- Nicotine and Its Biological Effects
- Tobacco-related Lung Cancer
- Development of Lung Cancer
- Chemistry of Formation of Nitrosamines
- Relation Between Nitrosamines and Lung Cancer
- Oxidation Scenario in Cancer Development
- 3 Materials and Methods
- Materials
- Experimental Design
- Histopathology
- Differentiator
- Preparation of Haemolysate (1: 20)
- Analytical Procedures
- Glutathione reductase (GR)
- Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)
- Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)
- Calculation of Results of GR/GPx/GST
- Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
- Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS)
- Glutathione (GSH)
- Estimation of AST and ALT in Serum
- Estimation of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase
- Determination od Acid Phosphates
- Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
- Estimation of Total Lipids
- Determination of serum total protein (by Lowry 1951)
- Statistical Analysis
- 4 Histopathological Analysis of Lung Cancer
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Plate 1 Gross morphology
- (A) Normal lungs of pairfed control
- (B) Cancerous lungs of nicotine treated group Ill
- (C) Inflamed lungs of nicotine treated group V
- Plate 2 Photomicrographs
- (A) Normal lungs of pairfed controlNote the characteristic empty appearance of the air sacs and alveoli ofthe lung (XI 5)
- (B) Normal lungs of pairfed controlA magnified view of (A) (x35)
- (C) Cancerous lungs of group IllNote the completely invaded non-neuroendocrine airway epithelialturnour (X5)
- (D) Canerous lungs of group IllNote the Infiltrates of large atypical cells with abundant cytoplasm and ahigh nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio (X5)
- Plate 3
- (A) A magnified view (x100) of plate 2 (D) showing genotoxic effects.Note the micronucleus (thin arrow) and anaphase bridge (thickarrow)
- (B) Photomicrograph of the lungs (group Ill) showing markedhyperplasia of the bronchial airway epithelium (x15)
- (C) Photomicrograph of the lungs (group Ill) showing infiltrates ofchronic inflammatory cells, predominantly macrophages andlymphocytes (x15)
- DISCUSSION
- 5 Per oxidative Indices of Nicotine induced Lung Cancer
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- a. Level of TBARS in liver, lungs and serum
- b. Concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in serum, liver and lungs
- c. Effect of nicotine on the activity of superoxide dismutase in thehaemolysate, liver and lungs
- d. Effect of nicotine administration on catalase activity in thehaemolysate liver and lungs
- e. Nicotine administration and glutathione peroxidase activity in thehaemolysate, liver and lungs
- f. Glutathione reductase activity in the haemolysate, liver and lungs ofnicotine-treated rats
- g. Effect of nicotine administration on the activity of glutathione-stransferasein the haemolysate, liver and lungs
- DISCUSSION
- 6 Biochemical Changes in Nicotine-Carcinogenesis
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- 1. Effect of nicotine administration on the activity of alaninetransaminase (ALT) in serum and liver
- 2. Nicotine administration and aspartate transaminase (AST) activityin serum and liver
- 3. Effect of nicotine administration on the activity of alkalinephosphatase (ALP) in serum and liver
- 4. Nicotine administration and acid phosphatase activity (ACP) inserum and liver
- 5. Level of y-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in nicotine treated rats
- 6. Serum LDH in nicotine treated rats
- 7. Serum total protein and total lipids in rats treated with nicotine
- DISCUSSION
- 7 General Discussion
- 8 Summary
- BIBILIOGRAPHY