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  • TITLE
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • CONTENTS
  • PREFACE
  • LIST OF TABLES
  • LIST OF FIGURES
  • GLOSSARY
  • LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
  • I. INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 Economic Significance of Womens Role
  • 1.2 Women and Family Subsistence - Historical Approach
  • 1.3 Changing Role of Women
  • 1.4 Factors Which Facilitated the Change in Womens Role
  • 1.5 Factors Which Prompt Women to Work
  • 1.6 Occupational Differences Between Men and Women
  • 1.7 Reasons for the Differences in Occupation between Men and Women
  • 1.8 Factors Responsible for the Lower Incomes of Women Workers
  • 1.9 Womens Work and Wages
  • 1.10 Problems of Women Workers
  • 1.11 lntra-household Gender Inequalities
  • 1.12 Women Workers Some Conceptual Issues and Problems of Measurement
  • 1.13 Need to Empower Women Workers
  • 1.14 The Present Study
  • 1.15 Coverage
  • 1.16 Female Headed Households (FHH)
  • 1.17 Female Headed Households in Plantations
  • 1.18 Intra-household Inequalities in the Plantations
  • 1.19 Objectives
  • II. RESEARCH DESIGN
  • 2.1 Significance of the Study
  • 2.2 Statement of the Research Problem
  • 2.1 Employment in Plantations (1995-96)
  • 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Women Workers in the Plantation Sector
  • 2.3 The Selective Criteria
  • 2.4 Hypotheses
  • 2.5 Methodology and Database
  • 2.6 Selection of the Study Districts
  • 2.7 The Criteria for Selection of Districts
  • 2.3 District-wise Distribution of Tea, Coffee, Rubber and Cardamom in Kerala (1995-96)
  • 2.1 Map Showing the Districts of Kerala
  • 2.2 Map Showing Tea Plantation Areas in Kerala
  • 2.3 Map Showing Coffee Plantation Areas in Kerala
  • 2.4 Map Showing Rubber Plantation Areas in Kerala
  • 2.5 Map Showing Cardamom Plantation Areas in Kerala
  • 2.6 Map Showing the Study Area-Idukki, Wayanad and Kottayam
  • 2.8 Background of the Study Districts
  • 2.8.1 Idukki
  • 2.4 District at a Glance-Idukki
  • 2.7 Map of Idukki District
  • 2.8.2 Wayanad
  • 2.5 District at a Glance-Wayanad
  • 2.8 Map of Wayanad District
  • 2.8.3 Kottayam
  • 2.6 District at a Glance-Kottayam
  • 2.9 Map of Kottayam District
  • 2.9 Selection of the Sample
  • 2.9.1 Tea
  • 2.9.2 Coffee
  • 2.9.3 Rubber
  • 2.9.4 Cardamom
  • 2.10 Survey Schedule
  • 2.11 Analysis of Data
  • 2.12 Limitations of the Study
  • 2.13 Structure of the Thesis
  • III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • 3.1 Legislative Enactments
  • 3.2 Settlements Made in the Plantation Labour Committee (PLC) 3
  • 3.3 Important Studies Related to the Present Work
  • IV. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE PLANTATION SECTOR IN KERALA
  • 4.1 Kerala-The Important State in the Plantation Map of India
  • 4.1 Share in Cultivated Area
  • 4.1 Place of Kerala in Indias Plantation Map (1995-96)
  • 4.2 Area under Plantation Crops in India and Kerala (1995-96)
  • 4.3 Production of Plantation Crops in India and Kerala (1995-96)
  • 4.1.1 Share in Net Cultivated Area
  • 4.2 Area under Plantation Crops vis-a-vis Total Cultivated Area in Kerala
  • 4.4 Area under Plantation Crops in Kerala (1990-91 to 1995-96)
  • 4.2 Contribution to State Agricultural Income
  • 4.3 Share of Plantations in State Agricultural Income
  • 4.5 Share of Plantations in State Agricultural Income (1995-96)
  • 4.3 Share of Foreign Exchange Earnings
  • 4.4 Contribution of Plantation Crops to the States Foreign Exchange Earnings (1991292 to 1995-96)
  • 4.6 Contribution of Plantation Crops to the Foreign Exchange Earnings of Kerala (1995-96)
  • 4.4 Contribution to the States Tax Revenue
  • 4.5 Duties and Taxes paid by Plantations
  • 4.5 Employment in the Plantation Sector
  • 4.6 Average Daily Employment in Plantations in Kerala (1995-96)
  • 4.7 Average Daily Employment in Plantations in Kerala (1995-96)
  • 4.6 Plantation Crops in Keralas Economy
  • 4.7 Plantation Crops in Keralas Economy (1995-96)
  • 4.7 Growth of Plantations in Kerala
  • 4.8 Growth of Tea Plantations in Kerala (1950-1996)
  • 4.8 Growth of Tea Plantations in Kerala (Area and Production) s (1950-1995)
  • 4.9 Growth of Coffee Plantations in Kerala (1950-1996)
  • 4.9 Growth of Coffee Plantations in Kerala (Area and Production) (1950-1995)
  • 4.10 Growth of Rubber Plantations in Kerala (1955-56 to 1995-96)
  • 4.10 Growth of Rubber Plantations in Kerala (1955-56 to 1995-96)
  • 4.11 Growth of Cardamom Plantations in Kerala (1960-61 to 1995-96)
  • 4.11 Growth of Cardamom Plantations in Kerala (1960-61 to 1995-96)
  • 4.8 Small Growers in the Plantation Sector
  • 4.12 Small Growers Share in the Production of Plantation Crops in South India (1995-96)
  • 4.12 Share of Small Growers in the Production of Plantation Crops in South India (1995-96)
  • 4.9 Tea
  • 4.9.1 Area
  • 4.13 Tea Plantation Areas in the South (1995-96)
  • 4.13 Tea Plantation Areas in South India (1995-96)
  • 4.9.2 Production
  • 4.9.3 Productivity
  • 4.9.4 Structure of Tea Plantations
  • 4.10 Coffee
  • 2.10.1 Area
  • 4.10.2 Production
  • 4.10.3 Productivity
  • 4.10.4 Structure of Coffee Plantations
  • 4.11 Rubber
  • 4.11.1 Area
  • 4.11.2 Production
  • 4.11.3 Productivity
  • 4.11.4 Structure of Rubber Plantations
  • 4.12 Cardamom
  • 4.12.1 Area
  • 4.12.2 Production
  • 4.12.3 Productivity
  • 4.12.4 Structure of Cardamom Plantations
  • 4.13 Growth of Plantation Crops from 1991-92 to 1995-96
  • 4.14 Plantation Crops-Area, Production and Productivity (1991292 to 1995-96)
  • 4.14 Plantation Crops in the Different Districts of Kerala
  • 4.14 Major Tea Plantation Districts of Kerala (1995-96)
  • 4.15 Major Coffee Plantation Districts of Kerala (1995-96)
  • 4.16 Major Rubber Plantation Districts of Kerala (1995-96)
  • 4.17 Major Cardamom Plantation Districts of Kerala (1995-96)
  • 4.15 Women Workers in the Pla, ntation Sector
  • 4.15 Employment of Women in Plantations (1995-96)
  • 4.18 Employment of Women in the Plantation Sector of Kerala (1995-96)
  • 4.16 Plantation Labour Compared to Other Agricultural Labour
  • 4.17 Recruitment System
  • V. WELFARE SCHEMES AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
  • 5.1 Role of Welfare Schemes for Women Workers
  • 5.2 Welfare Measures in Plantations
  • 5.3 Legislative Enactment on Labour Welfare in Plantations
  • 5.4 The Plantations Labour Act, 1951
  • 5.5 Other Legislations
  • 5.6 Other Statutory Benefits
  • 5.6.1 Maternity Benefits
  • 5.6.2 Provident Fund
  • 5.6.3 Gratuity
  • 5.6.4 Bonus
  • 5.7 Trade Unions
  • 5.7.1 The Economic Impact of Trade Unions
  • 5.7.2 Improving the Economic Impact of Unions
  • 5.8 Growth of Trade Unions in Plantations
  • 5.9 Limitations in implementing Labour Welfare Schemes
  • 5.10 Evolution of Wage Structure
  • 5.11 Wage Settlement in Kerala
  • VI PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE OF WOMEN WORKERS IN THE PLANTATIONS
  • 6.1 PQL in Developed Economies
  • 6.2 PQL in Developing Economies
  • 6.3 PQL-A Socio-Economic Indicator
  • 6.3.1 Features of Social Systern
  • 6.3.2 Growth and Development
  • 6.3.3 Features of Modern Economic Growth
  • 6.3.4 Forces of Growth
  • 6.3.5 Factors of Growth
  • 6.3.6 Economic Development
  • 6.3.7 Factors Governing Economic Development
  • 6.3.8 Indices of Development
  • 6.3.9 Measures for Developmer~
  • 6.3.10 Need for Planning
  • 6.3.11 Important Role of the Stare
  • 6.4 Factors for Assessing Physical Quality of Life
  • 6.5 Physical Quality of Life of Women Workers in the Plantation Sector
  • 6.5.1 Analysis of Physical Quality of Life
  • 6.6 Quality of Working Life (QWL)
  • 6.6.1 Benefits of improved QWL
  • 6.7 Physical Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life
  • VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • 7.1 Physical Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life
  • 7.2 Findings
  • 7.2.1 Living Conditions and QWL
  • 7.1 Housing Facilities
  • 7.1 Provision of Housing Facilities in Tea Plantations
  • 7.2 Provision of Housing Facilities in Coffee Plantations
  • 7.3 Provision of Housing Facilities in Rubber Plantations
  • 7.4 Provision of Housing Facilities in Cardamom Plantations
  • 7.2 Description of the Houses
  • 7.3 Consumption Pattern of Women Workers in Plantations
  • 7.5 Consumption Pattern of Women Workers in Tea Plantations
  • 7.6 Consumption Pattern of Women Workers in Coffee Plantations
  • 7.7 Consumption Pattern of Women Workers in Rubber Plantations
  • 7.8 Consumption Pattern of Women Workers in Cardamom Plantations
  • 7.4 Consumption of Nutrients
  • 7.5 Availability of Toilet Facilities
  • 7.9 Availability of Toilet Facilities to Women Workers in Plantations
  • 7.6 General Hygiene Facilities
  • 7.7 Medical Facilities and Employment Strength
  • 7.8 Infrastructural Facilities by the Kerala Plantations
  • 7.9 Annual Expenditure on Health and Welfare per Individual on a Representative Plantation in Kerala
  • 7.10 Wage-Related and Welfare Benefits
  • 7.2.2 General Awareness and Quality of Working Life
  • 7.11 Level of Education of Women Workers in Plantations
  • 7.10 Educational Background of the Women Workers in Plantations
  • 7.12 Reading Habits of the Women Workers
  • 7.13 Membership in Organisations
  • 7.11 Membership in Organisations
  • 7.2.3. Analysis of Performance Level and Quality of Working Life
  • 7.14 Job Satisfaction among Women Workers
  • 7.3. Recommendations
  • 7.3.1. Health Care Facilities
  • 7.3.2 Health Education
  • 7.3.3 Maternal Health Care
  • 7.3.4 Child Welfare
  • 7.3.5 Housing
  • 7.3.6 Water Supply
  • 7.3.7 Environmental Hygiene
  • 7.3.8 Nutrition
  • 7.3.9 Family Welfare
  • 7.3.10 Leisure Time Activities
  • 7.3.11 Womens Club
  • 7.3.12 Welfare Audit
  • 7.3.13 Regular Reviews and Necessary Follow ups
  • APPENDICES
  • APPENDIX I. THE PLANTATIONS LABOUR ACT, 1951
  • APPENDIX II. THE KERALA PLANTATION LABOUR RULES, 1959
  • APPENDIX Ill. LIST OF SETTLEMENTS/DECISIONS MADE INTHE PLANTATION LABOUR COMMITTEE (PLC)
  • APPENDIX IV. WAGE RATES FOR TEA, COFFEE, RUBBER AND CARDAMOM
  • APPENDIX V. INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY