• HOME
  • Search & Results
  • Full Text
  • Thesis Details
 
Page: 339
 
 Full Screen

  • TITLE
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • 1 INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 The Kuttanad region
  • Fig. 1 Map of Kuttanad area
  • 1.2 Need for the conservation of wetlands
  • 1.3 Agricultural ornithology
  • 1.4 Major objectives
  • 1.4.1 Water quality and plankton
  • 1.4.2 Soil characteristics
  • 1.4.3 Vegetation
  • 1.4.4 Arthropod pests and predators
  • 1.4.5 Fish fauna
  • 1.4.6 Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals
  • 1.4.7 Avifauna
  • 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • 2.1 Wetland ecosystem and biodiversity
  • 2.2 Water quality and plankton
  • 2.3 Soil characteristics
  • 2.4 Macrophytes / weeds
  • 2.5 Arthropod pests and predators
  • 2.6 Fish fauna
  • 2.7 Amphibians and Mammals
  • 2.8 Birds in rice field / marsh field
  • 2.8.1 Water characteristics, prey availability and bird population characteristics
  • Water level
  • Hydrogen ion concentration
  • Nutrients
  • 2.8.2 Birds as pests - Granivores
  • 2.8.3 Methods of protecting rice fields from grain eating birds
  • 2.8.4 Beneficial role of birds in rice fields
  • 2.8.5 Conservation of birds in rice fields
  • 2.8.6 Wetland and migratory birds
  • 2.8.7 Foraging sociality
  • 2.8.8 Avifaunal succession in paddy field
  • 2.8.9 Wetland alteration and bird composition
  • 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • 3.1 Study areas
  • 3.2 Social and economic importance of the study area
  • PLATE I 1. Rice fields at Pallom (site 1) 2. Marsh field at Pallom (site 2)
  • PLATE II Rice fields at Nattakom (Site 3)
  • 3.3 Climate
  • 3.4 Method of cultivation
  • 3.4.1 Cropping seasons
  • 3.4.2 Variety
  • 3.5 Water analysis
  • 3.6 Soil analysis
  • 3.7 Analysis of biotic components
  • 3.7.1 Plankton
  • 3.7.2 Vegetation
  • 3.7.3 Arthropods
  • 3.7.4 Fish fauna
  • 3.7.5 Amphibians
  • PLATE III
  • 1. Pumping station on the bund of the field (site 1)
  • 2. Whiskered terns on the power lines and cattle egrets feeding from the ground during field preparatory stagc in site 1.
  • 3.7.6 Reptiles
  • 3.7.7 Mammals
  • 3.7.8 Bird censusing
  • 3.8 Data analysis
  • 3.9 Study period
  • 4 OBSERVATION, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  • 4.1 Physicochemical properties of the water in paddy fields
  • 4.2 Planktonic composition
  • 4.2. 1 Phytoplankton
  • 4.2.2 Zooplankton
  • 4.3 Soil characteristics
  • 4.4 Plant community of the study area
  • PLATE - IV
  • 1. Excessive growth of Salvinia molesta site 1 during the inundated fallow condilion
  • 2. Excessive growth of Pistiastraltotes in site 3 during the inundated fallow condition
  • 3. Excessive growth of Nymphaea sp. in site 1 during the inundated fallow condition
  • 4.5 Arthropod pests and predators
  • 4.6 Fish fauna
  • 4.7 Amphibians
  • 4.8 Reptiles
  • 4.9 Mammals
  • PLATE - V
  • 1. Plastic ribbons and reflective tapes used for frightening birds in site 6
  • 2. Plaslic bags set at ground level to frighten rats in site 3
  • 3. Nylon mist nets spread to trap Munia in site
  • 4.10 Birds in. rice fields / marsh field
  • 4.10.1 Bird species composition
  • 4.10.2 General distribution and abundance of birds in
  • Various study sites
  • HERONS
  • 1. Pond heron
  • 2. Purple heron
  • 3. Grey heron
  • 4. Night heron
  • EGRETS
  • 1. Little egret
  • 2. Large egret
  • 3. Cattle egret
  • 4. Median egret
  • BIRDS OF PREY
  • 1. Pariah kite
  • RAILS
  • 1. White breasted water hen
  • 2. Purple moorhen
  • JACANA
  • 1. Bronze winged jacana
  • 2. Pheasant tailed jacana
  • PLOVERS
  • 1. Red wattled lapwing
  • SAND PlPERS
  • 1. Common sandpiper
  • 2. Spotted sandpiper
  • SNIPE
  • 1. Common snipe
  • STILT
  • 1. Black winged stilt
  • BITTERNS
  • 1. Chestnut bittern
  • 2. Black bittern
  • IBISES
  • 1. Black ibis
  • TEALS
  • 1. Cotton teal
  • 2. Pintail
  • 3. Lesser whistling teal
  • 4. Gargancy
  • COOTS
  • GREBES
  • 1. Little grebe
  • CORMORANTS
  • 1. Little cormorant
  • 2. Large cormorant
  • SHAG
  • 1. The Indian shag
  • PIPITS
  • 1. Paddy field pipit
  • TERNS
  • 1. Whiskered tern
  • CUCKOOS
  • 1. Crow pheasant
  • ROLLERS
  • 1. Indian roller
  • KING FISHERS
  • 1. Pied kingfisher
  • 2. Stork billed kingfisher
  • 3. Small blue kingfisher
  • 4. White breasted kingfisher
  • BEE EATERS
  • 1. Green bee eater
  • PARAKEETS
  • 1. Rose ringed parakeet
  • PIGEONS
  • 1. Blue rock pigeon
  • FINCHES
  • 1. White backed munia
  • 2. Black headed munla
  • 3. Red munia
  • 4. Baya weaver
  • SWALLOWS
  • 1. Common swallow
  • 2. Wire tailed swallow
  • WAGTAILS
  • 1. Pied wagtail
  • 2. Forest wagtail
  • 3. Grey wagtail
  • 4. Yellow headed wagtail
  • CROWS
  • 1. House crow
  • 2. Jungle crow
  • MYNAS
  • 1. Common myna
  • 2. Jungle myna
  • DRONGOS
  • 1. Black drongo
  • WARBLERS
  • 1. Reed warbler
  • 2. Paddy field warbler
  • TITS
  • 1. Grey tit
  • 4.10.3 Seasonality of migratory birds
  • 1. Visitors during the initial preparatory stages of cultivation
  • 2. Visitors from seedling to maturing stage
  • 3. Visitors during harvest
  • 4. Visitors soon after hawest
  • 5. Visitors during inundated fallow condition
  • 4.10.4 Inundated fallow field and bird population
  • 4.10.5 Bird species composition during cultivation and avifaunal succession
  • 4.10.5.1 Birds during dewatering / weeding
  • 4.10.5.2 Ploughing and birds
  • 4.10.5.3 Puddling, levelling, bund preparation, sowing and bird population
  • 4.10.5.4 Birds in the seedling stage
  • 4.10.5.5 Birds in the tillering stage
  • 4.10.5.6 Birds in the booting stage
  • 4.10. 5.7 Birds in the maturing stage
  • 4.10.5.8 Birds in the harvesting stage
  • PLATE - VI
  • 1. Cattle egrets feeding during harvesting in site 5
  • 2. Ducks introduced soon after the harvest in site 1
  • 3. Ducks introduced after harvesting in site 4
  • 4.10.5.9 Birds in the field after harvest
  • 4.10.6 Habitat utilization and habitat diversity
  • 4.10.7 Bird-habitat relationship in site 2 (marsh field)
  • PLATE - VII
  • 1. a) Buffaloes grazing in the fully grass covered marsh field b) Nests of Baya weaver birds seen on the reed plant
  • 2. Purple moorhen feeding in groups in lhe marsh field (site 2)
  • PLATE - VIII
  • 1. Dry cracked field and muddy pools in site 2
  • 2. Beglnning of fish pond constructionin site 2
  • PLATE - IX
  • 1. Destruction of Reeds and pandanus sp. on the bunds of site 2 during fish pond construction
  • 2. Mud excavation and bund construction for fish culture in site 2
  • PLATE - X
  • 1. Completed ponds ready for fish culture in site 2
  • 2. Total area of marsh (site 2) transformed into fish ponds
  • Dry fallow field
  • Flooded field
  • Paddy cultivation
  • Inundated field with low vegetation
  • Fish pond
  • Miscellaneous habitats
  • DISCUSSION
  • 4.10.8 Food availability and feeding techniques
  • 5 GENERAL DISCUSSION
  • 5.1 Abiotic and biotic components influencing bird population
  • 5.2 Food availability and feeding habits
  • 5.3 Foraging sociality and flocking
  • 5.4 Pestiferous status of birds
  • 5.5 Seasonality of birds in the study areas
  • 5.6 Abundance
  • 5.7 Habitat utilization and avifaunal succession
  • SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDICES
  • APPENDIX - 1 PLANKTON
  • APPENDIX -2 MACROPHYTESI WEEDS
  • APPENDIX - 3 ARTHROPODS
  • APPENDIX - 4 MOLLUSCS
  • APPENDIX 5 List of lishes recorded from the paddy fields
  • APPENDIX - 6 AMPHIBIANS
  • APPENDIX - 7 REPTILES
  • APPENDIX - 8 BIRDS
  • APPENDIX - 9 MAMMALS [Rodents]
  • APPENDIX - 10 Field conditions recorded in sites 1, 2 and 3 during April 1995 - May 2000
  • Auuendix - 11 Total number of birds recorded during April 1995 - May 2000 in sites I, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6