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TITLE
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
AVE MARIA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Review of Literature
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Oxidative Stress
Oxygen free radicals
Oxidants
Lipid peroxidation
Malondialde hyde (MDA)
Reactive nitrogen species
Sources of oxygen free radicals
Role of oxidative stress in human body
Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Diabetes
Inflammatory diseases
Ageing
Liver diseases
Alcohol and Oxidative Stress
Stomach cancer
Antioxidants
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)
Catalase (CAT)
Anti-oxidative vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
β- carotene
Chemo prevention
Mechanism of action of chemo preventers
Table 1 INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF SOME PHYTOCHEMICALS IN FRUITS ANDVEGETABLES ON CHEMICALLY INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS IN ANIMAL MODELS
Synthetic antioxidants
Herbal formulations as pharmacotherapeutic agents
Hepatoprotective agents
Centrally acting drugs
Herbal formulation for cardiovascular disorders
Antidiabetic agent
Miscellaneous
Phyllanthus amarus
Scope of the study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Collection and extraction of of Phyllanthus amarus
2.2 CHEMICALS
2.3 INSTRUMENTS
2.4 ANIMALS
2.5 Biochemical parameters
2.6 HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
2.7 Histopathology
2.8 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
3. Anti-mutagenic activity of Phyllanthus amarus extract
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.3 RESULT
3.4 DISCUSSION
Table 3.1 Anti-mutagenicity of P. amarus extract to Salmonella typhimurim strains against Sodium azide as mutagen
Table 3.2 Anti-mutagenicity of P. amarus extract to Salmonella typhimurim strains against N-methyl N-nitro N-nitrosoguanidineas mutagen
Table 3.3 Anti-mutagenicity of P. amarus extract to SaZmoneZla typhimurium strains against 4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine as mutagen
Table 3.4 Anti mutagenicity of P. amarus extract to Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 against 2-Acetamidofluorene (2-AAF) and Aflatoxin BI as mutagens
Table 3.5 The effect of P. amarus extract on urinary mutagenicity induced by Benzo[a]pyrene in rats.
4. Anti-carcinogenic activity of Phyllanthus amarus extract
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 Methods
4.3 RESULT
4.4 DISCUSSION
Table 4.1 Effect of P. amanrs extract on papilloma induction initiated by DMBA and promoted by Croton oil
Table 4.2 Effect of P. amarus in incidence of tumours and stomach weight in MNNG induced rat gastric carcinogenesis
Table 4.3 Effect of P. amarus on y-GT, GST, GSH and glutathione reductase levels in the stomach mucosa of rats treated with MNNG
Table 4.4 Mean frequency of AgNOR dots and clusters with different doses of P. amarus
Fig 4.1 Inhibitory effect of P. amarus extract on the number of papilloma/ mice developed by DMBA/ Croton
Fig 4.2 Effect of P. amarus extract on DMBA/Croton oil induced papilloma
Fig 4.3 Photogragh of Balb/c mice
Fig 4.4 Morphology of stomach in rats
Fig 4.5 Effect of P. amarus on body weight of rats treated with MNNG
Fig 4.6Histology of rat stomach
Fig 4.7Histopathology of rat stomach
5. Anti-diabetic activity of Phyllanthus amarus extract
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 METHODS
5.3. RESULT
5.4 DISCUSSION
Table 5.1 Effect of P. amarus extract on blood sugar levels in normal animals (single dose short term study)
Table 5.2 Effect of P.amarus extract on biochemical parameters of liver and serum in normal rats
Table 5.3 Effect of P. amarus extract on blood sugar levels in alloxan induced diabetic rats (single dose short term study)
Table 5.4 Effect of P. amarus extract on blood sugar level in alloxan induced diabetic rats (multi dose long term study]
Table 5.5 Effect of P.amarus extract on biochemical parameters of liver and serum in alloxan diabetic rats
Fig 5.1 Effect of P. amarus extract on blood sugar level in normal animals
Fig 5.2 Effect of P. amarus extract on body weight in normal rats
Fig 5.3 Effect of P. amarus extract on total leucocyte counts in normal rats
Fig 5.4 Effect of P. amarus extract on blood sugar level in alloxan induced diabetic rats
Fig 5.5 Effect of P.amarus extract on body weight in rats treated with alloxan
Fig 5.6 Effect of P. amarus extract on total leucocytes counts in rats treated with alloxan
6. Anti-inflammatory activity and inhibition of gastric lesion by Phyllanthus amarus extract
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 METHODS
6.3 RESULTS
6.4 DISCUSSION
Table 6.1 Effect of P. amarus administration on mortality of rats treated with absolute ethanol
Table 6.2 Effect of P. amarus administration on stomach weightand intraluminal bleeding of rats treated with absolute ethanol
Table 6.3 Effect of P. amarus administration on the ulcer index of rats treated with absolute alcohol
Table 6.4 Effect of P. amarus administration on the glutathione (GSH) content of the mucosa of rats treated with absolute alcohol
Fig 6.1 Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of P. amarus
Fig 6.2 Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of P. amarus
Fig 6.3 Gross morphology of rat stomach
Fig 6.4 Histopathology of rat stomach
7. Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity of Phyllanthus amarus extract
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 METHODS
7.3 RESULT
7.4 Discussion
Table 7.1 Effect of different solvent extracts of P. amarus on aflatoxin production
Table 7.2 Effect of different concentrations of methanolic extract of P. amarus on aflatoxin production
Table 7.3 Effect of different solvent extracts of P. amarus on dry weight of mycelium of Aspergillus parasiticus
Table 7.4 Effect of different concentrations of methanolic extract of P. amarus on dry weight of mycelium of Aspergillus parasiticus
Fig.7.1 Anti bacterial activity of methanollc extract of P. amarus
Fig.7.2 Anti bacterial activity of methanolic extract of P. amarus
Fig.7.3 Anti bacterial activity of aqueous extract of P. amarus
Fig.7.4 Anti bacterial activity of aqueous extract of P. amarus
Fig 7.5 Effect of different concentrations of methanolic extract of P. amovus on aflatoxin production
Fig 7.6 Effect of different concentrations of methanolic extract of P. amarus on dry weight of mycelium Aspergillus parasiticus
8. Anti-oxidant activity of Phyllanthus amarus as well as its various extractable fractions
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 METHODS
8.3 RESULT
8.4 Discussion
Table 8.1 Yield of different solvent extracts of P. amarus
Fig 8.1 Effect of methanolic extract of P. amarus on superoxide generation
Fig 8.2 Effect of methanolic extract of P. amarus on hydroxyl radical formation
Fig 8.3 Effect of methanollc extract of P. amarus on lipid peroxide formation
Fig.8.4 Effect of 50pg of different extracts of P. amarus on superoxide generation
Fig 8.5 Effect of 150pg of different extracts of P. amarus on hydroxyl radical formation.
Fig 8.6 Effect of 150pg of different extracts of P. amarus on lipid peroxide formation
Fig 8.7 Antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of P.amarus from column chromatography
Fig 8.8 Thin layer chromatography of different fractions of P.amarus
Fig 8.9 Effect of P. amarus extract from TLC on superoxide generation
Fig 8.10 U.V Absorption of TLC bands at 280nm
Fig 8.11 U. V Absorption of TLC bands at 220 nm
Fig 8.12 HPLC chromatogram
9. Summary and Conclusion
BIBILIOGRAPHY
List of Publications