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TITLE 1
TITLE 2
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
I INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Why Do People Indulge in Risky Behaviours?
1. Problem - Behaviour Theory
Fig. 1 THE CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOUR THEORY
2. The Concept of Personal Fable
A. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
I. NON-BINGE DRINKING
I.1. STUDIES RELATED TO THE PREVALENCE, FREQUENCY, QUANTITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF DRINKING
A. Studies from Abroad
a) Studies on College Students
b) Studies on Medical Students
B. Studies from India
a) Studies on General Population
b) Studies on Non-Student Youth Population
c) Studies on Student Youth Population
d) Studies on Medical Students
I.2. STUDIES RELATED TO DRUNKEN DRIVING AND ALCOHOL RELATED TRAFFIC FATALITIES
I.3. STUDIES RELATED TO THE PLACE AND OCCASIONS OF DRINKING
A. Studies from abroad
B. Studies from India
I.4. STUDIES RELATED TO THE TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONSUMED
A. Studies from Abroad
B. Studies from India
I.5. STUDIES RELATED TO THE GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF DRINKERS
A. Studies from Aboard
B. Studies from India
I.6. STUDIES RELATED TO THE AGE AT INlTlATlON OF DRINKING
A. Studies from Abroad
B. Studies from India
I.7. STUDIES RELATED TO THE AGE DIST RlBUTlON OF DRINKERS
Studies from India
I.8. STUDIES RELATED TO THE RELlGIOSlTY AND RELIGIOUS DISTRIBUTION OF DRlNKERS
A. Studies from Abroad
B. Studies from India
I.9. STUDIES RELATED TO THE PLACE OF RESIDENCE OF DRINKERS
A. Studies from Abroad
B. Studies from India
I.10. STUDIES RELATED TO THE FAMILY INCOME OF DRINKERS
I.11. STUDIES RELATED TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF DRINKERS
II. BINGE DRINKING
II.1. GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES RELATED TO INTOXICATlON AND BINGE DRINKING
Il.2. COLLEGE STUDENT POPULATION STUDIES RELATED TO BINGE DRlNKlNG
II.2.1. STUDIES RELATED TO THE PREVALENCE, FREQUENCY, QUANTITY, CONSEQUENCES AND GENDER OFBINGE DRINKERS
II.2.2. STUDIES RELATED TO BINGE DRINKING AND THE AGE AT INITIATlON OF DRINKING
II.2.3. STUDIES RELATED TO THE PLACE OF DRINKING AND RESIDENCE OF BINGE DRINKERS
III. THE SCENARIO OF ALCOHOL IN THE STATE OF KARNATAKA
B. SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SEXUALITY IN THE WEST
SEXUALITY ACCORDING TO THE INDIAN TRADITION
1.STUDIES RELATED TO THE EXPERIENCE OF PREMARITAL SEX
A. Studies from Abroad
B. Studies from India
2. STUDIES RELATED TO SEXUAL ORIENTATION
A. Studies from Abroad
B. Studies from India
3. STUDIES RELATED TO THE AGE AT INITIATION OF SEX
A. Studies from Abroad
B. Studies from India
4. STUDIES RELATED TO THE TYPE OF SEX PARTNERS
1. Studies from Abroad
2. Studies from India
5. STUDIES RIZLATED TO THE TYPE OF SEX
A. Studies from Abroad
B. Studies from India
6. STUDIES RELATED TO THE NUMBER OF SEX PARTNERS
A. Studies from Abroad
B. Studies from India
7. STUDIES RELATED TO THE KNOWLEDGE AND RATE OFCONDOM USE
A. Studies from Abroad
B. Sludies from India
8. STUDIES RELATED TO HIGH-RISK SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND THE PERCETION OF RISK
C. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
THE INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND SEX
A. Studies from Abroad
B. Studies from India
III METHODOLOGY
TITLE OF THE STUDY
AIM
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION
HYPOTHESES
PILOT STUDY
RESEARCH DESIGN
SAMPLING DESIGN
A. POPULATON
B. THE METHOD OF SAMPLE SELECTION
C. SOURCE OF POPULATION AND SAMPLING FRAME
D. CRITERION FOR EXCLUSION FROM THE SAMPLE
E. SAMPLE
F. SAMPLING PROCEDURE
OBSERVATIONAL DESIGN
A. DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
3.01 The Binge Drinking Equivalents in India and the U.S
3.02 The Non-Binge Drinking Equivalents in India and the U.S
B. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENTS
3.03 The Reliability of the Scales and Sub-Scales Calculated Using Cronbachs Alpha Method
C. PRE-TEST
D. PROCESS OF DATA COLLECTION
STATISTICAL DESIGN
3.04 The Distribution of the Students According to Their Characteristics of Drinking and Sexual Behaviour
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS RELATED TO DRINKING
PART I RESULTS
4.01 Percentage Distribution of the Drinkers Attending Different Academic Courses, Based on Their Socio-Demographic Profile
4.02 Percentage Distribution of the Drinkers Attending Different Academic Courses, Based on Their Age at Initiation of Drinking, Current Drinking Status, and the Type of Typical Beverage Consumed
4.03 Percentage Distribution of the Drinkers Attending Different Academic Courses, Based on Their Last Week and Last Month Drinking Patterns
4.04 Percentage Distribution of the Drinkers Attending Different Academic Courses, Based on Their Last Year Drinking Patterns
4.05 Percentage Distribution of the Drinkers Attending Different Academic Courses, Based on Their Typical Frequency of Drinking on Specific Days
4.06 Percentage Distribution of the Drinkers Attending Different Academic Courses, Based on Their Typical Frequency of Drinking on Specific Places
4.07 One-Way ANOVA Results of the Drinkers Attending Different Academic Courses, Based on Their Age at Initiation of Drinking, Typical Quantity and Frequency of Drinking, and the Experiences. Related to Drinking
4.08 The t Test Results of the Gender Distribution of the Drinkers, Based On Their Age at Initiation of Drinking, and the Typical Quantity and Frequency of Drinking
4.09 The One-Way ANOVA Results of the Age Distribution of the Drinkers, Based on Their Age at Initiation of Drinking, and the Typical Quantity and Frequency of Drinking
4.10 The One-Way ANOVA Results of the Religious Distribution of the Drinkers, Based on Their Age at Initiation of Drinking, and the Typical Quantity and Frequency of Drinking
4.11 The One-Way ANOVA Results of the Distribution of the Religiosity Of the Drinkers, Based on Their Age at Initiation of Drinking, and the Typical Quantity and Frequency of Drinking
4.12 The One-Way ANOVA Results of the Income Distribution of the Drinkers, Based on Their Age at Initiation of Drinking, and the Typical Frequency and Quantity of Drinking
4.13 The One-Way ANOVA Results of the Distribution of the Place of Residence of the Drinkers, Based on Their Age at Initiation of Drinking, and the Typical Quantity and Frequency of Drinking
4.14 One-Way ANOVA Results of the First Year / Semester Marks of the Drinkers, Based on Their Age at Initiation of Drinking, and the Typical Quantity and Frequency of Drinking
4.15 One-Way ANOVA Results for the Age at Initiation of Drinking of the Drinkers, Based on Their Quantity and Frequency of Drinking, and the Experiences Related to Drinking
4.16 Multiple Regression Analysis Results for the Dependent Variable - Age at Initiation of Drinking
4.17 Multiple Regression Analysis Results for the Dependent Variable - Number of Drinks Consumed in the Last Year
4.18 Regression Analysis Results for the Dependent Variable - Number of Days of Drinking in the Last Year
4.19 Percentage Distribution of the Type of Last Month Drinkers, Based on Their Socio-Demographic Variables
4.20 The t Test Results of the Last Month Binge and Non-Binge Drinkers, Based on Their Age, Religiosity, Income, Marks, and Academic Performance
4.21 Percentage Distribution of the Last Month Binge and Non-Binge Drinkers, Based on Their Negative Experiences Related to Drinking - Part I
4.22 Percentage Distribution of the Last Month Binge and Non-Binge Drinkers, Based on Their Negative Experiences Related to Drinking -- Part II
4.23 Percentage Distribution of the Last Month Binge and Non-Binge Drinkers, Based on Their Negative Experiences Related to Drinking and the Total Negative Experiences Part III
4.24 Percentage Distribution of the Last Month Binge and Non-Binge Drinkers, Based on Their Positive Experiences Related to Drinking
4.25 Percentage Distribution of the Last Month Binge and Non-Binge Drinkers, Based on Their Experiences Related to Driving and Unprotected Sex Under the Influence of Alcohol
4.26 The t Test Results of the Last Month Binge and Non-Binge Drinkers, Based on. Their Age at Initiation of Drinking, Quantity and Frequency of Last Month Drinking, and the Experiences Related to Drinking
PART II DISCUSSION
1. THE RATE, FREQUENCY AND QUANTITY OF DRINKING
2. THE EXPERIENCES RELATED TO DRINKING
3. AGE AT INITIATION OF DRINKING
4. TYPICAL PLACES, DAYS AND VENUES OF DRINKING
5. THE TYPICAL ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONSUMED
6. BINGE DRINKING
V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS RELATED TO SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
PART I RESULTS
5.01 Percentage Distribution of the Sexually Active Students Attending Different Academic Courses, Based on Their Socio-Demographic Profile
5.02 Percentage Distribution of the Sexually Active Students Attending Different Academic Courses, Based on Their Knowledge about How to Use Condoms, Age at Initiation of Sex, Frequency of Use of Condoms, Number of Sexual Partners, Perception of Risk for Contracting STDs / HIV, and the Type of Sex
5.03 Gender Distribution of the Sexually Active Students, Based on Their Knowledge about How to Use Condoms, Sexual Orientation, Age at Initiation of Sex, Frequency of Use of Condoms, and the Number of Sexual Partners
5.04 Gender Distribution of the Sexually Active Students, Based on Their Knowledge-about How to Use Condoms, Sexual Orientation, Age at Initiation of Sex, Frequency of Use of Condoms, and the Number of Sexual Partners
5.05 The t Test and One-Way ANOVA Results for the Age at Initiation of Sex of the Sexually Active Students, Based on Their Socio-Demographic Variables
5.06 The One-Way ANOVA and t Test Results for the Age at Initiation of Sex of the Sexually Active Students, Based on the Academic Course Attended by the Students, Frequency of Condom Use, Knowledge about How to Use Condoms, Type of Sex, and the Number of Sexual Partners
5.07 Summary Statistics for the Age at Initiation of Sex of the Sexually Active Students
5.08 The t Test and One-Way ANOVA Results of the High-Risk Sexual Behaviour of the Sexually Active Students, Based on Their Socio-Demographic Variables
5.09 The One-Way ANOVA Results for the High-Risk Sexual Behaviour of the Sexually Active Students, Based on the Academic Course Attended by the Students, and the Perception of Risk for Contracting STDs / HIV
5.10 The t Test and One-Way ANOVA Results of the Experience of Unprotected Sex of the Sexually Active Students, Based on the Type of Sex, Experience of Anonymous Sex, Number of Sexual Partners, Perception of Risk for Contracting STDs / HIV, and the Academic Course Attended by the Students
5.11 The One-Way ANOVA and t Test Results for the Perception of Risk for Contracting STDs / HIV by the Sexually Active Students, Based on the Academic Course Attended by the Students, Frequency of Use of Condoms, and the Knowledge about How to Use Condoms
5.12 Multiple Regression Analysis Results for the Dependent Variable - Age at Initiation of Sex
PART II DlSCUSSlON
1. EXPERIENCE OF PREMARITAL SEX
2. SEXUAL ORIENTATION
3. AGE AT INITIATION OF SEX
4. TYPE OF SEXUAL PARTNERS
5. TYPE OF SEX
6. NUMBER OF SEXUAL PARTNERS
7. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HOW TO USE CONDOMS
8. USE OF CONDOMS
9. HIGH-RISK SEXUAL BEHBVIOUR
10. PERCEPTION OF RISK
VI RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS RELATED TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRINKING AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
PART I RESULTS
6.01 Percentage Distribution of the Students Attending Different Academic Courses Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Socio-Demographic Profile
6.02 Percentage Distribution of the Students Attending Different Academic Courses Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on the Variables Assessing the Relationship Between Drinking and Sexual Behaviour
6.03 The Percentage Distribution of the Last Year Binge and Non-Binge Drinkers Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Sex Related Variables, and the Variables Assessing the Relationship Between Drinking and Sexual Behaviour
6.04 The t Test Results of the Last Year Binge and Non-Binge Drinkers Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Sex Related Variables, and the Variables Assessing the Relationship Between Drinking and Sexual Behaviour
6.05 The One-Way ANOVA Results of the Age at Initiation of Drinking of the Students Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Sex-Related Variables
6.06 The t Test Results of the Experience of Sex with Strangers among the Students Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on among Their Drinking and Sex-Related Variables
6.07 The t Test Results of the Experience with Vaginal Sex of the Students Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Drinking and Sex-Related Variables
6.08 The t Test Results of the Experience with Anal Sex of the Students Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Drinking and Sex-Related Variables
6.09 The t Test Results of the Experience with Oral Sex of the Students Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Drinking and Sex-Related Variables
6.10 The One-Way ANOVA Results of the Frequency of Use of Condoms of the Students Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Drinking and Sex-Related Variables
6.11 The t Test Results of the Number of Sexual Partners of the Students. Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Drinking and Sex-Related Variables
6.12 The t Test Results of the Typical State of Drinking Just Before Having Sex of the Students Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Drinking and Sex-Related Variables
6.13 The One-Way ANOVA Results of the Typical Number of Drinks Consumed Just Before Having Sex by the Students Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Drinking and Sex-Related Variables
6.14 The t Test Results for the Possibility of Not Having Engaged in Sex, If Alcohol was Not Consumed by the Students Just Before Having Sex, Based on Their Drinking and Sex-Related Variables
6.15 The One-Way ANOVA Results of the Influence of Alcohol on the Sexual Drive of the Students Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Drinking and Sex-Related Variables
6.16 Percentage Distribution of the of the Group of Students Who Have Experienced Sex Only and the Group Who Have Experienced Drinking and Sex, Based on Their Sex-Related Variables
6.17 Regression Analysis Result for the Dependent Variable -Age at Initiation of Sex
6.18 Multiple Regression Analysis Results for the Dependent Variable. - Experience of Unprotected Sex
6.19 Multiple Regression Analysis Results for the Dependent Variable - Number of, Sexual Partners
6.20 Multiple Regression Analysis Results for the Dependent Variable - Typical State of Drinking Just Prior to Having Sex
6.21 Multiple Regression Analysis Results for the Dependent Variable - Typical Quantity of Drinks Consumed Just Prior to Having Sex
6.22 Regression Analysis Results for the Dependent Variable - Typical Quantity of Drinks Consumed Just Prior to Having Sex
6.23 Regression Analysis Results for the Dependent Variable - Typical Quantity of Drinks Consumed Just Prior to having Sex
PART II DISCUSSION
1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRINKING AND THE EXPERIENCE OF ANONYMOUS SEX
2. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DRINKING AND THE EXPERIENCE OF DlFFERENT TYPES OF SEX
3.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRINKING AND THE NUMBER OF SEXUAL PARTNERS
4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRINKING AND THE EXPERIENCE OFUNPROTECTED SEX
5. TYPICAL STATE AND QUANTITY OF DRINKING JUST BEFORE HAVING SEX
6. EXPERIENCE OF UNINTENDED SEXUAL INTERCOURSE DUE TO DRINKING
7. INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL ON SEXUAL DRIVE
8. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRINKING AND THE AGE AT INITIATION OF SEX
VII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS RELATED TO DRINKING
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS RELATED TO SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS RELATED TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRINKING AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
VIII IMPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY AND AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
YOUTH BEHAVIOR STUDY
SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION
SECTION B: ALCOHOL USE
SECTION C: ALCOHOL RELATED EXPERIENCES
SECTION D: PERSONAL VIEWS ABOUT DRINKING
SECTION E: SEXUALITY
SECTION F: SEXUAL ATTITUDES
SECTION G: COMMENTS ABOUT THE QUESTIONNAIRE