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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
Section 1. Cassia sophera L
A. Significance of the studies on Medicinal Plants
B. The Medicinal Value of Cassia sophera L
C. Seed dormancy and Germination
1. Seed dormancy
2. Gerrnlnatlon
D. The metabolic changes during the juvenile phase
1. Starch Content
2. Sugar Content
3. Protien Content
4. Catalase activity
5. Peroxidase activity
E. Presowing seed treatments
F. Growth and Metabolism
G. Aims and Objectives of the Study
Section 2. Spilanthes ciliata H.B.K
H. Importance of vegetative propagation in medicinal plants
I. The medicinal value of Spilanthes ciliata H.B.K.
J. Hormonal and thermal regulation on the rooting of stem cuttings
1. Role of Growth regulators
2. Temperature effects
K. Aims and Objectives
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Section 1. Cassia sophera L
A. Seed dormancy and Germination
1. Seed dormancy
2. Germination
B. Metabolic changes during the juvenile phase
1. Carbohydrate metabolism
a Starch content
b. Sugar content
2. Protein metabolism
3. Enzymic activities
a Catalase activity
b. Peroxidase activity
C. Presowing seed treatments
D. Growth and Metabolism
E. Phenols in Plant growth and Metabolism
Section 2. Spilanthes ciliata H.B.K
F. Hormonal and thermal regulation on the rooting of stem cuttings.
1. Role of Growth regulators
2. Temperature effects
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
III. (1) Experimental Procedure
Section 1. Cassia sophera L
A. Dormancy breaking of C. sophera seeds
Experiment-1 Establishment of an optimum condition for breaking dormancy
a Physical methods
(i) Treatment with boiling water
(ii) Mechanical scarification treatments
b. Chemical methods
B. Seed germination and seedling growth of C. sophera L
Experiment-2 Effect of hormonal and thermal pretreaments on seedling growth
a. Determination of stages of seedling growth
b. Seed treatment with growth substances and seedling growth
c. Cumulative effect of seed treatment with temperature and growth substances on seedling growth
C. Production of dry matter and moisture content
Experiment-3 Effect of seed pretreatment with growth substances on production of dry matter / moisture content of seedlings
a. Production of Dry matter
b. Moisture Content
D. Metabolic drift during seedling growth
Experiment-4 Effect of presowing seed treatments on metabolic drifts in cell constituents and enzymic activities of seedlings
E. Growth studies under field trials
Experiment-5 Inductive effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on plant growth (Pot culture experiment)
a. Plant height
b. Leaf number
c. Percent dry weight of roots, leaves and whole plant parts
F. Metabolic drifts during plant growth
Experiment-6 Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on metabolic drifts in cell constituents and enzymic studies of roots, leaves and whole plant parts
G. Production of medicinally active principles during plant growth.
Experiment-7 Study on the production medicinally active principles
Section 2. Spilanthes ciliata H.B.K
H. Hormonal regulation on the rooting of stem cuttings
Experiment-8 Effect of growth substances on the rate of rooting of stem cuttings at room temperature (28 ± 2O°C.)
I. Thermal and hormonal regulation on the rooting of stem cuttings.
Experiment-9 Cumulative effect of thermal (40°C) and hormonal treatment on the rate of rooting of stem cuttings
III. (2) Experimental Methods
J. Presowing seed treatments
K. Biochemical estimations
1. Estimation of Starch
2. Estimation of total sugars
3. Estimation of protein
4. Catalase activity
5. Peroxidase activity
6. Estimation of Total Phenols
L.Statistical analysis
IV. RESULTS
Section 1. Cassia sophera L
A. Dormancy breaking of Cassia sophera L. seeds
Experiment-1 Establishment of an optimum condition for breaking seed dormancy
a Physical Treatments
(i) Treatment with boiling water
(ii) Mechanical scarification treatments
b. Chemical Treatments
(i) Treatment with absolute alcohol
(ii) Treatment with sulphuric acid
Plate 1. Effect of seed pretreatment on cassia sophera L: Growth period - 2 weeks
Plate 2. Effect of seed pretreatment on cassia sophera L: Growth period - 4 weeks
Table 1 a: Effect of thermal treatment with boiled water on breaking dormancy of Cassia sophera L. seeds.
Table 1 b: Effect of mechanical scarification treatment on breaking dormancy of Cassia sophera L. seeds.
Table 2 a: Effect of alcohol soaking treatment on breaking dormancy of Cassia sophera L. seeds.
Table 2 b: Effect of different concentrations of sulphuric acid and duration of acid scarification treatment on breaking dormancy of Cassia sophera L. seeds.
Table 3: Effect of mechanical scarification treatment of breaking dormancy in C.sophera L. seeds.
Table 4: Effect of different concentrations of sulphuric acid and duration of acid scarification treatment on breaking of dormancy in C. sophen L. seeds
B. Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of C sophera L.
Experiment-2. Effect of hormonal and Thermal pretreatments on seedling growth
a Determination of seedling wth stages
b. Seed treatment with growth substances and seedling growth
Fig. 1. Seedling growth stages in Cassia sophera L.
Fig. 2. Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the mean germination value of C. sophera L. seeds (room temperature 28: PC.j
Fig. 3. Effect of presowing seed treatment withgrowth substances on the mean germination value of C. sophera L. seeds (temperature treatment 40.C.)
c. Cumulative effect of seed treatment with temperature and growth substances on seedling growth
C. Production of dry matter and moisture content of seedlings
Experiment-3. Effect of pretreatment of seeds with growth substances onthe production of dry matter and moisture content of seedlings
a Production of dry matter
Table 5: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the mean gemination value of C. sophern L. seeds (room temperature 28 ± 2O°C)
Table 6: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the mean germination value of C. sophem L. seeds (temperature treatment 40°C)
b. Moisture Content
Fig.4. Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the percent dry weight of seedlings
Fig.5 Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the percent moisture content of seedlings
Table 7: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the percent dry weight in seedlings
Table 8: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the percent moisture content in seedlings
D. Metabolic drift during seedling growth
Experiment-4. Effect of Presowing seed treatments on metabolic drifts incell constituents and enzymic activities of seedlings
a Starch content
b. Sugar content
c. Protein content
d Catalase activity
e. Peroxidase activity
Fig.6 Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the starch content in the seedlings
Fig.7 Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the sugar content in the seedlings
Fig.8 Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the protein content in the seedlings
Fig.9 Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the catalase activity in the seedlings
E. Growth Studies under field trlals
Experiment-5. Inductive effect of presowing seed treatments with growth substances on plant growth
a Plant height
Fig 10. Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the peroxidase activity in the seedlings
Table 9: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the starch content in seedlings
Table 10: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the sugar content in seedlings
Table 11: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the protein content in seedlings
Table 12: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the catalase activity in seedlings
Table 13: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the peroxidase activity in seedlings
b. Leaf Number
c (i) Percent dry matter in roots
Fig. 11. Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on plant height
Fig.12: E ffect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on leaf number/plant
c (ii) Percent dry matter in leaves
c (iii) Percent dry matter in whole plant parts.
F. Metabolic drifts during plant growth
Experiment-6. Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances onthe metabolic drifts in cell constituents and enzymic studiesof roots, leaves and whole plant parts
a (i) Starch content in roots
Fig.15: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances in the dry weight of A - C whole plant parts
Table 14: Effect of presowing seed treatments on plant height
Table 15: Effect of presowing seed treatments on leaf number/plant
Table 16: Effect of presowing seed treatments in root dry weight
Table 17: Effect of presowing seed treatments it1 leaf dry weight
Table 18: EEect of presowing seed treatments in dry weight of whole plant parts
a (ii) Total sugar content in roots
Fig.l6: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the starch content of roots
Fig.17: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the sugar content of roots
a (iii) Protein content in roots
a (iv) Catalase activity in roots
a (v) Peroxidase activity in roots
Fig.18: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the protein content of roots
b(i) Starch content in leaves:
Fig.19: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the peroxidase activity of roots
Fig.20: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the starch content of leaves
b(ii) Total sugar content in leaves
b(iii) Protein content in leaves
Fig.21: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the sugar content of leaves
b(iv) Catalase activity in leaves
Fig.22: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the protein content of leaves
b(v) Peroxidase activity in leaves
c (i) Starch content in the whole plant parts
c (ii) Total sugar content in whole plant parts
Fig.23: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the catalase activity of leaves
Fig.24: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the starch contentof whole plant parts
c (iii) Protein content in the whole plant parts
Fig.25: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the sugar content of whole plant parts
Fig.20: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the protein content of whole plant parts
Table 19: Effect of presowing seed treatments on tho starch content of roots
Table 20: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the sugar content of roots
Table 21: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the protein content of roots
Table 22: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the peroxidase activity of roots
Table 23: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the starch content of leaves
Table 24: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the sugar content of leaves
Table 25: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the protein content of leaves
Table 26: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the catalase activity of leaves
Table 27: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the starch content of whole plant parts
Table 28: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the sugar content of whole plant parts
Table 29: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the protein content of whole plant parts
G. Production of medicinally active principles during plant growth
Experiment-7. Study on the production of medicinally active principles
a. Total Phenols in roots
b. Total phenols in leaves
Fig.27: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the total phenols in roots
c. Total phenols in whole plant parts
Fig.28: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the total phenols in leaves
Fig.29: Effect of presowing seed treatment with growth substances on the total phenols in whole plant parts
Table 30: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the total phenols in roots
Table 31: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the total phenols in leaves
Table 32: Effect of presowing seed treatments on the total phenols in whole plant parts
Section 2. Spilanthes ciliata H.B.K
H. Hormonal regulation in the rooting of stem cuttings
Experiment-8. Effect of growth substances on the rate of rooting of stem cuttings at room temperature. (28 ± 22°C)
a. Rate of root initiation
b. Rate of root elongation
Fig.30: Effect of growth regulatros on the total root number in S, ciliata H.B.K.stem cuttings
I. Thermal and hormonal regulation on the rooting of stem cuttings. Experiment-9
a. Rate of root initiation
b. Rate of root elongation
Fig. 31. Effect of growth regulators on the total root length in S. ciliata H.B.K. stem cuttings
Fig.32: Cumulative effect of temperature (40°C) and growth regulators on the total root number in S.ciliata H.B.K. stem cuttings
Fig. 33. Cumulative effect of temperature (40°C) and growth regulators on the total root length in S. ciliata H.B.K. stem cuttings
Table 33: Effect of growth regulators on the total root number in S.Ciliata H.B.K.-stem cuttings
Table 34: EfFect of growth regulators on the total root length in S. ciliata H.B.K. -stem cuttings
Table 35: Cumulative effect of temperature (40C) and growth regulators on the total root number in S. ciliata H.B.K. - stem cuttings
Table 36: Cumulative effect of temperature (40PC) and growth regulators on the total root length in S. ciliata H.B.K. - stem cuttings
V. DISCUSSION
Section 1. Cassia sophera L
A. Dormancy breaking of C. sophera L. seeds
1. Physical treatments
2. Chemical treatments
B. Seed germination and seedling growth of Cassia sophera L
1. Seed treatment with growth substances and seedling growth
2. Cumulative effect of seed treatment with temperature and growth substances on seedling growth
C. Production of dry matter and moisture content of seedlings.
D.. Metabolic drift during seedling growth 1. Starch Content
1. Starch Content
2. Sugar Content
3. Protein content
4. Catalase activity
5. Peroxidase actiiity
E. Growth and metabolism
1. Growth studies under field trials
2. Metabolic drifts during plant growth
3. Production of medicinally active principle during plant growth
Section 2. Spilanthes ciliata H.B.K
F. Hormonal and thermal regulation in the rooting of stem cuttings.
1. Effect of growth regulators
2. Cumulative effect of temperature and growth regulators. .
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES