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  • TITLE
  • DEDICATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • Preface
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Near Space Environment
  • 1.1.1 Ionosphere
  • 1.1.2 Stratification of Ionosphere
  • 1.1.3 D-region
  • 1.1.4 E-region
  • 1.1.5 E-Region Irregularities
  • 1.1.6 F-region
  • 1.1.7 F-regional irregularities
  • 1.2 Plasma Instabilities
  • 1.3 Scintillations of Satellite Radio Beacons
  • 1.4 Theory of Ionospheric Radiowave Scintillations
  • 1.4.1 Scintillation Indices (S.1)
  • 1.4.2 Scope and Technological Aspects of Scintillations
  • 2 Ionospheric Scintillations at Anomaly Crest Zone
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Sunspots
  • 2.3 Solar Emissions
  • 2.4 Solar Origin of Geomagnetic Activity
  • 2.5 Geomagnetic Variations
  • 2.6 Ionospheric Scintillations at Anomaly Crest
  • 2.6.1 Receiving and Recording Equipments
  • Fig. 1 Block diagram of VHF scintillation system
  • 2.7 Results & Discussions
  • 2.7.1 Scintillation activity at Bhopal (General Features)
  • 2.7.2 Seasonal 1 Diurnal I Solar Variation
  • 2.7.3 Influence of Geomagnetic Disturbances
  • 2.8 Conclusions
  • 3 Equatorial Scintillation and Spread-F
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.1 Data Base Development and Method of Analysis
  • 3.2 General Characteristics of F-layer Equatorial Irregularities
  • 3.3 Morphology from Scintillation Measurements
  • 3.4 Characteristics of Internationally Quiet andInternationally Disturbed Days
  • 3.5 Scintillation and Spread-F
  • 3.6 Equatorial Plasma Bubble Dynamics
  • 3.7 Results and Discussions
  • 3.8 Conclusions
  • 4 Influence of Non-recurrent Geomagnetic Activity at Low Latitudes
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Data Source
  • 4.3 Review and General characteristics of Geomagnetic storms
  • 4.4 Classification of Storms
  • 4.5 Observed Ionospheric Response
  • 4.5.1 Equatorial response to the storms
  • 4.5.2 Storms influence at the anomaly crest
  • 4.6 Results and Discussions
  • 4.7 Conclusions
  • 5 Electrostatic Instabilities in Multi-Ion Plasmas-I
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Cold Plasma Theory:
  • 5.3 Warm Plasma Theory:
  • 5.4 Results
  • 5.5 Conclusions
  • 6 Electrostatic Instabilities in Multi-Ion Plasmas-II
  • 6. 1 Introduction
  • 6.2 The Dispersion Relation
  • 6.2. 1 CASE (i): Hot 0 and 0-ions
  • 6.2.2 CASE (ii): Cold 0 and 0- ions
  • 6.2. 3 CASE (iii): Hot O+ and Cold 0- ions
  • 6.3 Discussion
  • 6.3.1 CASE (i): HOT Of and 0- ions
  • 6.3.2 CASE (ii): Cold 0 and 0- ions
  • 6.3.3 CASE (iii): Hot 0 and Cold 0-ions:
  • 6.4 Results
  • 6.5 Conclusions
  • References