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Title
CERTIFICATE 1
CERTIFICATE-2
DECLARATION
Aknowledgements
CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Figures
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Population growth
1.3 Population and sustainable development
1.4 Physical quality of life
Table 1.1. Comparison of Physical quality of life indicators 1991
1.5 Statement of the problem
1.6 Objectives of the study
1.7 Current development trends
1.8 Gandhian perspective on development
1.9 Present realities
Notes and References
2. Methodology
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Sources of data
2.1.2 Pilot study and selection of the Panchayat
Fig. 2.1 Route covered by the researcher during the pilot study for identifying the study area
Fig. 2.2. Map indicating historical divisions referred to the thesis
2.1.3 Universe and sampling process
2.1.4 Collection of Primary Data
2.1.5 Data processing and presentation
2.2 Rationale of the study
2.3 Limitations of the study
2.4 Frame of reference
(a) Demography
(b) Population density
(c) Sustainable development
(d) Vital statistics / vital rates
2.5 Chapter scheme
Notes and References
3. Review of Literature
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Sustainable development
3.1.2 Demographic variables of Kerala
3.1.3 Development issues of Kerala
Notes and References
4. Theoretical Background of the Study
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Demography: an overview
4.2.1 Historical development
4.2.2 Social demography
4.3 Demographic data
4.4 Concept of population
4.5 Ancient thinking on population
4.5.1 Pre Malthusian Period (16th century to 18th century)
4.5.2 Malthusian theory of population
4.5.3 Malthus and modern economics
4.6 Marxian theory
4.7 Gandhian views on population
4.7.1 Gandhian perspective on population and sustainable development
Table 4.1. Differences between present orientations and Gandhian orientation
4.8 Agenda 21: an overview
4.8.1 Demographic dynamics and sustainable development
4.8.2 The concept of sustainable development
4.8.3 Current trends
4.8.4 Population and poverty
4.8.5 Population and consumpticn
4.8.6 Population and the environment
4.8.7 Density and change
4.8.8 Population-carrying capacity
4.8.9 Population and development policies
4.8.10 Global efforts to control population growth
Notes and References
5. Demographic Dynamics and Sustainable Development of Kerala: A Macro Level Analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Geography of Kerala
Fig. 5.1. Kerala: Administrative divisions 1991
Fig. 5.2. Physiographic divisions of Kerala
5.3 Demographic profile of the State of Kerala
Table 5.1 Comparative Area of the districts of Kerala - 1991
Table 5.2. District wise population of Kerala-1991
5.3.1 History of population growth in Kerala
Table 5.3. Population growth of Kerala
Fig. 5.3. Kerala: Decenial growth rate of population 1981-1991
Table 5.4. District wise decadal growth rate of Kerala
Table 5.5. Decadal Growth Rate of Population-Kerala and India (Percentage Decadal Variation)
5.3.2 Population density
Table 5.6. District wise Density of Population in Kerala 1951-91
5.3.3 Birth rate, death rate and migration
Table 5.7. Population, Density and Sex Ratio in Kerala from 1901 to 1991
Table 5.8. Birth Rate and Death Rate in Kerala
5.3.4 Infant mortality rate of Kerala
Table 5.9. Infant Mortality Rate
Table 5.10. Age Wise Mortality Rate in Kerala
Table 5.11. Proportion of Young Children in the Population of the Selected Indian States, 1991 (%)
5.3.5 Age at marriage
5.3.6 Life expectancy
Table 5.12. Expectation of Life at Birth in Kerala
5.3.7 Ageing of population
5.3.8 Lack of social security
Table 5.13. Population of aged 60 for selected years, Kerala, 1961-2021
5.3.9 Migration
5.3.10 History of migration
5.3.11 Sex ratio
Table 5.14. Kerala-Migration / Emigration
Table 4.15. Sex Ratio of Kerala 1951-1991
5.3.12 Literacy
5.4 Kerala: land use
5.4.1 Land use in Kerala
Table 5.16. Literacy rates (percent)
Table 5.17. Land use pattern in Kerala (Area in hectares)
5.4.2 Per capita land availability in Kerala
Table 5.18. Area and percentage of Land put to non-agricultural uses in Kerala
Table 5.19. Per capita Land availability
Table 5.20. Per Capita Geographical Area, Cultivable Area and Forest Area During 1961- 1991
5.4.3 Cropping pattern
Table 5.21. Intensity of Cropping in Kerala from 1960-61 To 1992-93
5.4.4 History of cropping systems in Kerala
5.4.5 Major food crops cultivated in Kerala
5.4.6 Major non-food crops cultivated in Kerala
5.4.7 Trend in area and production of crops
Table 5.22. Area under Important Crops (in 00 hectares) - Kerala
Table 5.23. Year wise Area under crops in Kerala (in 000 hectares)
Table 5.24. Year-Wise Production of Important Crops in Kerala (in 000 tons)
5.4.8 Shift in cropping pattern
5.5 Keralas development experience
5.6 Development: power structures perspective
Table 5.25. Basic Social Indicators, 15 Major Indian States, 1991-93
5.7 Kerala: a paradox
5.8 Health crisis in Kerala
Table 5.26. Sale of Pharmaceutical drugs n Kerala
Table 5.27. Number of medical institution (Allopathic)
Table 5.28. Number of beds in medical institutions (Allopathic)
Table 5.29. Number of patients treated (Al opathic)
5.8.1 Health care
Table 5.30. Comparison of Health Services, 1979-1980
5.8.2 Impact of better health on oemographic? transition
5.8.3 Immunization
5.9 Educational crisis in Kerala
Table 5.31. Deaths by Diseases in Travancore, 1900 1940 (per Thousand)
Table 5.32. Number of schools in Kerala
5.9.1 Uneconomic schools
Table 5.33. Uneconomic Schools in Kerala-1996
5.9.2 Unemployment
Table 5.34. Enrolment of students in schools in Kerala
Table 5.35. Basic Education Indicators, 1 E Major Indian States, 1993
Table 5.36. Per capita expenditure on education
Table 5.37. Standard-wise Enrolment in 1995-96 and Age group Children Projected for 2001 A.D.
Table 5.38. Progress of Educational Institutions from 1961 to 96
5.10 Housing crisis
Table 5.39. Guff Remittances to Kerala from 1990 to 1994
Table 5.40. House Constructed in Kerala, District-wise
5.10.1 Housing for the poor
5.10.2 Housing: its philosophical dimensions
5.11 Food crisis in Kerala
5.11.1 Conversion of cash crops in place of food crops
Table 5.41. Area under some food crops in Kerala (in 1000 hectares)
Table 5.42. Production of Important crops: !n Kerala (in 1000 tons)
5.11.2 Nutrition
Table 5.43. Year-wise estimates of Milk, E gg and Meat Production in Kerala
5.11.3 External food dependence of the state
5.12 Urban development
5.13 Conclusion
Table 5.34. Urban Area and Density of Population
Notes and References
6. The Case Study of a Village in the Midlands of Kerala: Kaduthuruthy Grama Panchayat
6.1 Introduction
Fig. 6.1. Location of Kaduthuruthy Panchayat
Fig. 6.2. Map of Kaduthuruthy Panchayat
6.2 Demographic profile
Table 6.1. Number of eligible couple (ferrule) in Kaduthuruthy 1991
Table 6.2. Number of children per family in the panchayat 1991
Table 6.3 Female sterilisation (1997-98) Statistics in the panchayat
6.2.1 Demographic indicators
Table 6.4. Number of Births and Deaths n Kaduthuruthy Panchayat from 1990 to 1998
Table 6.5. Sex Ratio in Kaduthuruthy Panchayat, including projections
Table 6.6. Migration details of the panch ayat over the last three decades
6.3 Land profile
Table 6.7. Trends in ageing of population
6.3.1 Land holdings
6.3.2 Cropping pattern
Table 6.8. Number, area and percentage of Land Holdings in Kaduthuruthy
Table 6.9. Important crops (Cash crops, end Food crops) cultivated in the Panchayat
Table 6.10. Area of major crops cultivated in the panchayat 1998-99
Table 6.11. Trends in cultivation pattern in the Panchayat
Table 6.12. Conversion of paddy fields in the panchayath over the last three decades
Table 6.13. Change in food habits and growth of external food dependency
6.3.3 Trends in the cropping pattern
Table 6.14. Agricultural History of Kaduthuruthy Panchayat: Changes in cropping patterns
Table 6.15. Movement of food grains and vegetables in Kaduthuruthy and neighbouring areas.
6.3.4 Area under major crops in the Panchayat
6.3.5 Food diversity: past and present
Table 6.16. Year wise area of major crops (Area in hectares)
Table 6.17. Crop varities (food crops)
6.3.6 Homestead farms
6.4 Dairying and livestock
6.5 Industrial profile
Table 6.18. Year wise Milk Production in Kaduthuruthy Panchayat
Table 6.19. Number of Small scale Industrial Units in the Panchayat (1998)
6.5.1 Non-farm employment
Table 6.20. Number of commercial transport vehicles and potential labor absorption
6.6 Habitat pattern
6.7 Roads and other communication facilities
Table 6.21. Changes in housing pattern and changes in movement of raw materials
6.8 Education
Table 6.22. Number of students in schools in the panchayat
Table 6.23. Option of the parents with regard to their choice on schools for children
6.8.1 Reading habit
Table 6.24. Number of Periodicals subscribed in the panchayat
Table 6.25. Number of childrens periodicals
Table 6.26. Details of Newspaper subscription
6.9 Health
Table 6.27. Preference of Allopathic medical system in the panchayat
6.10 Major findings
6.11 Conclusion
6.12 Transect of the Panchayat
Fig. 6.3. Transect 1 (Route: Muttuchira to Vellassery)
Fig. 6.4. Transect 2 (Pulikkoottummel to Pulithuruthu)
Fig. 6.5 Transect 3 (Kapikkadu to Chirakkunnu)
Fig. 6.6. Transect 4 (Eereppalam to Aranasserry)
Fig. 6.7. Transect 5
Notes and References
7. Summary, Findings and Conclusions
7.1 Improved physical quality of life
7.2 Density of population
7.3 Demographic transition
7.4 Trends in resource use
7.5 Shift in cropping pattern and land use: increasing external food dependency
7.6 Trends in health and health care
7.7 Trends in education: need for an education with character
7.8 Housing and habitat pattern: emergence of a rurban continuum
7.9 Transition in the social system: the state emerging as a post industrial society
APPENDIX
Interview Schedule
BIBILIOGRAPHY