Online Thesis Search Results

TITLE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 lthikkara River
1.2. Hydrography
1.3.Planktons
1.4.Benthos
1.5.Detailed survey of the fishes and other macro fauna.
1.6.Morphometric features of lthikkara river basin
1.7.Physical features of selected stations
Station I Chinikkal
station II Minkulam
Station Ill Malapperur
Station IV Chenkulam
Station V. lthikkara
Station VI Perumpuzha
Fig.1.lthikkara river indicating study sites
Fig.2. Longitudinal profile of the surface gradient of the lthikkara river
PLATE I -Station I.Chinikkal
Station II. Minkulam
Station Ill. Malapperur
PLATE II - Station IV. Chenkulam
Station V.Ithikkara
Station Vl. Perumpuzha
I. HYDROGRAPHY
2.0.lntroduction.
2.2. Review of Literature
2.3. Materials and Methods
3.0. RESULTS
3.1.Rain fall
Fig.1.1. Monthly variation of rainfall (mm)
3.2.Temperature
3.2.1.seasonal variation of temperature between stations and within stations
Table.1.2. Monthly variation of at atmospheric temperature OC in lthikkara riverduring the period from December 1995 to November 1996.
Table.1.3. Monthly variation of water temperature OC in lthikkara river during theperiod from December 1995 to November 1996.
Table.1.4. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing Surface watertemperature between different stations.
Table 1.5. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing bottom watertemperature between different stations.
Table.1.6. Results of ANOVA comparing surface water temperaturebetween different Stations and Seasons.
Table.1.7. Results of ANOVA comparing bottom water temperature betweendifferent stations and seasons.
Fig.1.3.1.Monthly variation of atmospheric and water temperature c (station 1)
Fig.1.3.3.Monthly variation of atmospheric and water temperatureOc (Station Ill)
Fig.1.3.5.Monthly variation biatrnospheric and watertemperature O C (Station V)
Fig.1.3.6.Monthly variationof atmospheric and watertemperatureOc (station VI)
3.3.Transparency
3.3.1.Variation of Transparency between station (Ill to VI stations) .
3.3.2.Seasonal variations of transparency between stations and withinstations
Table.1.8. Monthly variation of transparency (meters.) In ithikkara riverduring the period from December 1995 to November 1996.
Fig.1.8.1. Monthly variation in Transparency (Meters)
3.4.Velocity of flow of water
3.4.1.Variation of velocity of flow between stations
3.4.2.Seasonal variation of velocity of flow between stations
3.4.3.Seasonal variations of velocity of flow within stations
Table.1.9. Monthly variation of velocity of flow (m Isec.) in lthikkara riverduring the period from December 1995 to November 1996.
Fig.1.9.1. Monthly variation of velocity flow (mlsec.)
3.5.Hydrogen ion concentration
3.5.1.Variation of Hydrogen ion concentration between stations.
3.5.2.Seasonal variation of hydrogen ion concentrations between stations
3.5.3.Seasonal variations of hydrogen ion concentration within stations
3.5.4.Annual variation of hydrogen ion concentration between surface andbottom water
3.5.5.Statistical Analysis ANOVA
Table1.10. Monthly variation of PH in Ithikkara river during the period from December 1995 to November 1996
Table.1.11. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing surface waterhydrogen ion concentration between different stations.
Table.1.12. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing bottom waterhydrogen ion concentraton between different stations.
Table.1.13. Results of ANOVA comparing hydrogen ion concentration (Surface water) between different stations and seasons.
Table.1.14. Results of ANOVA comparing hydrogen ion concentration (Bottom water) between different Stations and Seasons.
Fig.1.10.1.Monthly variation of Hydrogen ion concentration
Fig.1.10.2.Monthly variation of hydrogen ion concentration
Fig.1.10.3.Monthly variation of Hydrogen ion concentration Station III
Fig.1.10.4.Monthly variation of Hydrogen ion concentration Station IV
Fig.1.10.5.Monthly variation of hydrogen ion concentration Station V
Fig.1.10.6.Monthly variation of Hydrogen ion concentration Station VI
3.6.Dissolved Oxygen
3.6.1.Variation of dissolved oxygen content of water between stations
3.6.2.Seasonal variations of dissolved oxygen in water between stations
3.6.3.Seasonal variation of dissolved oxygen in water within stations
3.6.4.Variation of dissolved oxygen between surface water and bottomwaters
3.6.5.Statistical Analysis ANOVA
Table.1.15. Monthly variation of dissolved oxygen (mgl1) in lthikkara riverduring the period from December 1995 to November 1996.
Table.1.16 Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing surface waterOxygen between different stations.
Table.1.17 Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing bottom waterOxygen between different Stations.
Table.1.18 Results of ANOVA comparing Oxygen (Sudace water) betweendifferent Stations and Seasons.
Table.1.19 Results of ANOVA Comparing Oxygen (bottom water) betweendifferent Stations and Seasons.
Fig.1.15.1.Monthly variation of Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) Station I
Fig.1.15.2.Monthly variation of dissolved oxygen (mg/l) Station II
Fig.1.15.3.Monthly variation of dissolved oxygen (mg/l) Station III
Fig.1.15.4.Monthly variation of dissolved oxygen (mg/l) Sation IV
Fig.1.15.5.Monthly variation of dissolved oxygen (mg/l) Station V
Fig.1.15.6.Monthly variation of dissolved oxygen (mg/l) Station VI
3.7.Free.Carbondioxide
3.7.1.Variation of free carbon dioxide between stations
3.7.2.Seasonal variation of free carbondioxide between stations
3.7.3.Seasonal variation of free carbon dioxide within station
3.7.4.Variation of free carbondioxide in surface water and bottom water
3.7.5.Statistical Analysis ANOVA
Table.1.2O. Monthly variation of free carbon dioxide (mg/l) in Ithiklara river during the period from December 1995 to November 1996.
Table.1.21. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing surface waterCarbon dioxide between different Stations:
Table.1.22. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing bottom waterCarbon dioxide between different Stations.
Table.1.23. Results of ANOVA comparing Carbon dioxide (Surface water) between different Stations and seasons.
Table.1.24. Results of ANOVA Comparing Carbon dioxide (bottom water) between different Stations and Seasons.
Fig.1.20.1.Monthly variation of free carbondioxide (mg/l) Station I
Fig.1.20.2.Monthly variation of free carbondioxide (mg/l) Station II
Fig.1.20.3.Monthly variation of free carbondioxide (mg/l) Station III
Fig.1.20.4.Monthly variation of free corbondioxide (mg/l) station IV
Fig.1.20.5.Monthly variation of free carbondioxide (mg/l) Station V
Fig.1.20.6.Monthly variation of free carbondioxide (mg/l) Station VI
3.8.Salinity
3.8.1.Variation in salinity content of the water between stations
3.8.2.Seasonal average of salinity
3.8.3.Variations of salinity between surface and bottom water
Table.1.25.Monthly variation of salinity (%o) in lthikkara river during theperiod from December 1995 to November 1996.
Fig.1.25.1.Monthly variation of salinity (%) Station IV
Fig.1.25.2. Monthly variation of salinity (%) Station V
Fig.1.25.3. Monthly variation of salinity (%, ) Station VI
3.9. Nitrate
3.9.1.Variation of annual averages in the nitrate content of water betweenstations
3.9.2.Seasonal variations of nitrate content in water between stations
3.9.3.Seasonal variation of nitrate concentration of water within station.
3.9.4 Variation of nitrate concentration between surface water and bottomwater within station
3.9.5.Statisical analysis. ANOVA
Table.1.26. Monthly variation of Nitrate (pgll) in lthikkara river during theperiod from December 1995 to November 1996.
Table.1.27. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing surface waterNitrate between different stations.
Table.1.28. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing bottom waterNitrate between different Stations.
Table.1.29. Results of ANOVA comparing Nitrate (Surface water) betweendifferent stations and seasons.
Table.1.30. Results of ANOVA comparing Nitrate (bottom water) betweendifferent stations and seasons.
Fig.1.26.1.Monthly variation of nitrate (μg/l) Station
Fig.1.26.2.Monthly variation of nitrate (μg/l) Station II
Fig.1.26.3.Monthly variation of nitrate (μg/l) Station Ill
Fig.1.26.4.Monthly variation of nitrate (Fig.1.26.4.Monthly variation of nitrate (μg/l) Station IV
Fig.1.26.5.Monthly variation of nitrate (μg/l) Station V
Fig.1.26.6.Monthly variation of nitrate (μg/l) Station VI
3.10. Nitrite
3.10.1.Variation of annual average in the nitrite concentrations of waterbetween stations.
3.10.2.Seasonal variations of nitrite content in water between stations
3.10.3.Seasonal variation of Nitrite concentration of water within Station
3.10.4.Annual variation of nitrite concentration between surface water and bottom water within stations
3.10.5.Statisical analysis. ANOVA
Table1.31.Monthly variation of Nitrite (μg/l) in lthikkara river during the period from December 1995 to November 1996
Table.1.32. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing surface water Nitrite between different stations.
Table.1. 33. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing between different Stations.
Table.1.34. Results of ANOVA comparing Nitrite (Surface water) between different stations and seasons.
Table.1.35. Results of ANOVA comparing Nitrite (bottom water) between different stations and seasons.
Fig.1.31.1.Monthly variation of Nitrite (μg/l) Station I
Fig.1.31.2.Monthly variation of Nitrite (μg/l) Station II
Fig.1.31.3.Monthly variation of Nitrite (μg/l) Station Ill
Fig.1.31.4.Monthly variation of Nitrite (μg/l) Station IV
Fig.1.31.5.Monthly variation of Nitrite (μg/l) Station V
Fig.1.31.6.Monthly variation of Nitrite (μg/l) Station VI
3.11. Phosphate
3.11.1.Variation of annual averages in the phosphate content of water between station
3.11.2.Seasonal variations of phosphate content in water between stations
3.11.3.Seasonal variation of Phosphate concentration of water within stations.
3.11.4.Variation of phosphate concentration between surface water andbottom water within stations
3.11.5.Statistical Analysis ANOVA
Table.1.36. Monthly variation of phosphate (μg/l) in lthikkara river during the period from December 1995 to November 1996.
Table.1.37.Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing surface water Phosphate between different Stations.
Table.1.38.Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing bottom water phosphate between different stations.
Table.1.39.Results of ANOVA comparing Phosphate (Surface water) between different Stations and Seasons.
Table.1.40. Results of ANOVA comparing Phosphate (Bottom Water) between different stations and seasons
Fig.1.36.1.Monthly variation of phosphate (μg/l) Station I
Fig.1.36.2.Monthly variation of phosphate (μg/l) Station II
Fig.1.36.3.Monthly variation of phosphate (μg/l) Station Ill
Fig.1.36.4.Monthly variation of phosphate (μg/l) Station IV
Fig.1.36.5.Monthly variation of phosphate (μg/l) Station V
Fig.1.36.6.Monthly variation of phosphate (μg/l) Ststion VI
3.12.Silicate
3.12.1.Variation in the silicate content of the water between stations
3.12.2.Seasonal variations of silicate concentration in water
3.12.3.Seasonal variation of silicate concentration of water within stations
3.12.4.Variation of silicate concentration between surface water and bottom water
3.12.5.Statistical Analysis ANOVA
Table.1.41. Monthly variation of silicate (μg/l) in lthikkara river during the period from December 1995 to November 1996.
Table.1.42. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN comparing (Surface Water) silicatebetween different stations
Table.1.43. Results of ANOVA and DUNCAN test comparing (Bottom water) silicate between different stations
Table.1.44.Results of ANOVA comparing silicates (Surface water) betweendifferent stations and seasons
Table.1.45.Results of ANOVA comparing silicates (Bottom Water) betweendifferent stations and seasons
Fig.1.41.1.Monthly variation of silicate (μg/l) Station I
Fig.1.41.2.Monthly variation of silicare (μg/l) Station II
Fig.1.41.3.Monthly variation of silicate (μg/l) Station Ill
Fig.1.41.4.Monthly variation of silicate (μg/l) Station IV
Fig.1.41.5.Monthly variation of silicate (μg/l) Station V
Fig.1.41.6. Monthly variation of silicate (μg/l) Station VI
4.0.Discussion
4.1.0. Physico-chemical Parameters
4.1.1. Rain fall
4.1.2.Temperature
4.1.3. Transparency
4.1.4. Velocity of flow
4.1.5. Hydrogen ion Concentration
4.1.6.Dissolved oxygen Content
4.1.7.Free Carbon dioxide
4.1.8.Salinity
4.1.9. Micronutrients
4.1.9.1. Nitrate
4.1.9.2. Nitrite
4.1.9.3 Phosphate
4.1.9.4. Silicate
II. PLANKTONS
A. PHYTOPLANKTON
Introduction
Review of Literature
Materials and Methods
Results
Statistical Analysis
Analysis of varience ANOVA
DISCUSSION
B. ZOOPLANKTON
Introduction
Review of Literature
Materials and Methods
Results
DISCUSSION
III. BENTHOS
Introduction
Review of Literature
Materials and Methods
Results
1.Texture of the benthic sediment
2. Hydrogen ion concentration of the benthic sediment
3. Organic content of the sediment
4. Flora of the Sediments
5. Fauna of the benthic sediment
DISCUSSION
IV. FISH FAUNA AND OTHER MACRO FAUNA
A. FISH FAUNA
Introduction
Review of Literature
Materials and Methods
Results
DISCUSSION
Factors affecting species diversity
PLATE Ill Nemacheilus sp.
Nemacheilus pulchellus Day
Lepidocephalus irrorata (Hora)
Channa striatus (Bloch)
P.melanampyx Day
Puntius sp.
Aplocheilus rubostigma (jerdon)
PLATE IV Parluciosoma danicous (Hamilton -Buchanan)
Puntius vittatus Day
P.ticto puncatus (Day)
P.amphibius (Valenciennes)
Macropodis cupanus Valenciennes
Awaous grammepomous (Bleeker)
Garra menoni, Rema Devi & Indra
Etroplus maculatus (Bloch)
L.fulviflamma Bleeker
Danio aequipinnatus (McClelland)
PLATE V P.Sarana sarana (Hamilton -Buchanan)
P.sarana subnasutus (Valenciennes)
P.filamentosus Day
Hypselobarbus curmuca (Day)
Barilus bakeri day
PLATE VI Mystus oculatus (Valenciennes)
Anabas testudineus (Bloch)
Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus)
Hypohamphus xanthopterus (valenciennes)
Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton -Buchanan)
PLATE VII Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier)
Sexutor ruconius (hamilton-Buchanan)
S.indidiator (Bloch)
Gazza minuta (Bloch)
Ambassis gymnocephalus (Lacepede)
A.commersoni Cuvier
Gerres oyena (forskal)
C.sancan (Forskal)
PLATE Vlll Caranx ignobilis (Forskal)
Sillago sihama (Forskal)
Tachysurus arius (Hamilton)
T.subrostratus (Valenciennes)
Glossogobius biocellatus (Valenciennes)
PLATE IX Oxyurichthys tentacularis (Valenciennes)
G.giuris (Hamilton-Buchanan)
Liza parsia (Hamilton- Buchanan)
V.Cunnesius (valenciennes)
Valamugil seheli (Forskal)
Cynoglossus bengalensis Gunther
PLATE X Chelondon patooa (Hamilton -Buchanan)
Tuthis java Linnaeus
G.filamentosus Curvier
Pomadasys hasta (Bloch)
Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forskal)
Epinephelus tauvina (Forskal)
PLATE XI Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus)
E.suratensis (Bloch)
Acanthurus gahm (Forskal)
Synaptura orientalis Day
B. OTHER MACRO FAUNA
Introduction
Review of Literature
Materials and Methods
Results
DISCUSSION.
SUMMARY
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF ITHIKKARA RIVER
1.0. Introduction
1.1. Stations
2.0. Physico-chemical parameters.
2.1. Rainfall
2.2. Temperature
2.3. Transparency
2.4 Velocity of flow
2.4. Hydrogen ion concentration (p ~
2.5. Dissolved Oxygen
2.6. Free Carbon dioxide
2.7. Salinity
2.8. Micro nutrients
2.9.1. Nitrate
2.9.2. Nitrite
2.9.3. Phosphate
2.9.4. Silicate
3.0. Planktons
3 1. Phytoplankton
3.2. Zooplankton
4.0. Benthos
4.1. Texture of the sediment
4.2. Hydrogen ion concentration of the sediment
4.3. Organic content of the sediment.
5.2. Other macrofauna. (Invertebrate fauna)
REFERENCES