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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
PREFACE
I. INTRODUCTION
Background
Salient Features of the Nehrus Development Strategy
1.1 GDP Growth Rates at Factor Cost (1993-94 prices)
1.2 Budget and Balance of Payments Indicators
1.3 Trends in Parameters of Deficit of Central Government
The Crisis of 1990s
Suggested Economic Reforms-an Overview
The Present Predicament
1.4 Trends of Major Macroeconomic Indicators: 1990-91-2001-02
Hypothesis
Objectives
Methodology
CHAPTERISATION
CONCLUSION
References and Notes
II. INDIAN ECONOMY DURING THE BRITISH EMPIRE AN OVERVIEW
Introduction
Taxation
Other Exchanges
Total Cash Transfers
Economic Consequences of the British Conquest
Decline of Indian Handicrafts and Progressive Ruralisation of the Indian Economy
Hostile Policy of the East India Company and the British Parliament
Competition of Machine-Made Goods
The Development of New Forms and Patterns of Demand
Commercialisation of Indian Agriculture
The Nature of Famines in India
Causes of Famines
The New Land System
The Impact of Colonial Rule
Poverty of the Masses and the Economic Exploitation
Debt Services and Military Expenditure
CONCLUSION
References and Notes
III. DEVELOPMENT POLICIES OF INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE: AN ANALYTICAL SURVEY
Introduction
Beginning of Planning in India
Aid India Consortium: a Milestone in the Westernisation Process
Devaluation of Rupee
The Approach to Each Plan
Plan Outlays / Investments
3.1 Plan Outlays of the Public and Private Sector
Priorities and Pattern of Investment in the Plans
3.2 Sectoral Outlays during the Plans
Agriculture and Irrigation
Power Programmes
Industries and Minerals
Assessment of the Five Year Plans
Pattern of Financing the Five Year Plans in India
3.3 Sources of Plan Finance: First Eight Plans
Shift in Favour of Foreign Aid and Deficit Financing
Domestic Budgetary Resources
Balance from Current Revenues
Contribution from Public Enterprises
3.4. Relative Significance of the Components of Domestic Budgetary Resources in Various Plans % of Total plan Resources
Domestic Private Savings -
Additional Resource Mobilisation
Review of 50 Years of Planning in India
Achievements of Planning in India
I.Increase in national and per capita income
3.5 Growth of National Income and Per Capita Income
3.6 Growth Performance in the Five Year Plans
2.Progress in agriculture
3.7 Progress in the use of agricultural inputs since 1950-51
3.8 Agricultural Production under Five Year Plans (1951 to 1997)
3.Progress in industry
3.9 Progress of Industrial Production (Selected industries)
3.10 Net per capita availability of some essential consumer goods in India
4.Development of economic infrastructure
5.Diversification of exports and import substitution
6.Development of science and technology
7.Development of educational system
Failure of Planning in India
i.Failure to eliminate poverty
ii.Failure to provide employment to all able bodied persons
iii.Failure to reduce inequalities of income and wealth
iv.Failure of fiscal measures to correct inequalities and control unaccounted money
v. Failure to reduce concentration of economic power
vi.Failure to implement land reforms
Summing up
References and Notes
IV. THE NEW PHASE OF PLANNING: NEW ECONOMIC POLICY OF1991
Introduction
4.1 Estimates of Poverty
4.2 Health Indicators
4.3 Growth Rate in Value added over different Periods Estimated Simultaneously
Economic Background to the New Economic Policy
4.4 Trends in Central Government Finances
Claimed Advantages of the New Economic Policy
Reforms in the Industrial Sector
4.1 Industrial Growth Rates of India by Use Categories
Reforms in the Agricultural Sector
4.5 Average Annual Growth Rates of Index of Agricultural Production
Reforms in the Fiscal Sector
Reforms in the International Trade Sector
4.6 Growth of Indias Exports (million US$) and Decadal Growth Rates
Second Generation Reforms
4.7 Yearwise Receipts from Disinvestment of PSUs
CONCLUSION
References and Notes
V. IMPACT OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY ON THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
Background
Protection Provisions
5.1 Share of Agricultural Workers in Total Workforce in India Percentage Share
5.2 Sectoral Share of Agriculture in GDP (at Factor Cost) and Gross Capital Formation (GCP)
Indias Position in World Agriculture
5.3 Share of Major Crop / Crop Category in Total Cropped Area in India during 1950-97
5.4 Return from Main Crops in Major Producing States in India (Rs. Per Hectare Over C2 Cost at 1981-82 Prices)
Impact of Liberalisation on Indian Agriculture
National Agriculture Policy
Removal of Quantitative Restrictions-Doom for Indian Agriculture?
5.1 Crash of Prices of Major Agricultural Products of Kerala 1999-2001 (Price per quintal)
5.5 Average Market Price of NR (Rs./100 kg)
CONCLUSION
References and Notes
VI. THE GANDHIAN MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT-AN OUTLINE AND A CRITIQUE OF THE POLICY REGIME (INCLUDING THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY)
Introduction
Gandhian vs Mainstream Economics
6.1 Differences between Gandhian and Mainstream Economics
The Salient Feature of the Gandhian Development Model
The Gandhian Talisman
Limitation of Wants
Production by the Masses
Appropriate Technology
Villagism-Face to Face Community
Trusteeship
The Planning Regime, a Critique
6.2 The Structure of Economism
The New Economic Policy: An Evaluation
References and Notes
VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
7.1 Indias External Debt Outstanding
7.2 Indias Global Position on Human and Gender Development
References and Notes
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II