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TITLE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABBREVIATIONS
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
RRIl 105
RRIM 600
GT1
PB 28/59
Tjir 1
GI 1
PR 107
RRIM 605
LCB 1320
Tapping and Tapping systems
Stimulation
Physiology of latex flow
2 Review of Literature
2.1 Laticiferous system in Hevea
2.2 Latex components
2.3 Nature and role of lutoids
2.4 Tapping and tapping systems
2.5 Physiology of latex flow
2.6 Plugging index
2.7 Rde of acid phosphatases and bursting index
2.8 Role of C serum
2.9 Biochemical parameters as indicators of health of the laticiferous systM (Latex diagnosis parameters) and role of ions
2.9.1 Sucrose
2.9.2 Inorganic phosphorus
2.9.3 Thiols
2.9.4 Role of ions in lacrler metabolism
2.9.5 pH and later metixbolism
2.12 Yield stimulation by chemicals
2.13 Mechanism of yield stimulation
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Site 1
3.2 Site 2
3.3 Site 3
3.4 Site 4
3.5 Climate
3.6 Temporal changes induced by stimulation
3.7 Clonal variation in yield and other parameters
3.8 Yield and other parameters under 4 tapping systems in RRlll05
3.9 Biochemical changes in latex during the course of flow
3.10 Measurement of pre tap turgor pressure
3.11 Initial flow rate (IFR)
3.12 Plugging index (PI)
3.13 Latex yield
3.14 Dry rubber content of latex (DRC)
3.15 Dry rubber yield
3.16 Total solid content of latex
3.17 Measurement of acid phosphatase activities and bursting index of lutoids
Total acid phosphatase activity (TAP)
Free acid phosphatase activity (FAP)
Reagents
3.18 Preparation of TCA extract of latex
3.19 Sucrose
Reagents
3.20 Thiols
Reagents
3.21 Inorganic phosphorus
Reagents
3.22 Magnesium
Magnesium stock solution
Preparation of iest solution
3.23 Calcium
Reagents
Compensating solution
Calcium stock solution
3.24 Sepanm of C serum and lutoid fraction
3.25 Preparation of B serum
3.26 Estimation of protein content of 8 and C sera
Reagents
3.27 pH and buffer value of C serum
3.28 Electrophoresis of C serum proteins
SDS-PAGE
Reagents
4 Results
4.1 Temporal changes in yield and associated parameters induced bystimulation
4.1.1 Latex yield
4.1.2 DRC
4.1.3 Initial flow rate
4.1.4 Turgor pressure
4.1.5 Plugging index
4.1.6 Bursting index
4.1.7 pH of C serum
4.1.8 Acid phosphatase activities
4.1.8.1 Total activiry
1.1.8.2 Free acid phosphatase activity
1.1.8.3 Botrnd acid phosphatase
4.1.9 Ilufler value o/C serum
4. I. 10 Sucrose
4.1.11 Thiols
4.1.12 Inorganic phosphorus
4.1.13 C serum Protein
4.1.14 Elecbo phoretic bunding pattern of C serum proteins
4.1.15 Correlation undpath analysis
Plate 1. SDS PAGE showing electrophoretic banding pattern of C serumproteins from the latices of rubber (Hevea bmiliensis) trees (cloneRRlI 105) stimulated for varying durations before tapping under1/2S d4 W7 system.
4.2 Eady effects of stimulation
4.2.1 Latex yield
4.2.2 Initial flow rate
4.2.3 Total solid content
4.2.4 Plugging index
4.2.4 Plugging i n k
4.2.5 Bursting index
Fig. 32 Effect of 3 hr of stimulation on total solid content in differentclones of Hevea brasiliensis tapped under 1/2s d/7 system.
4.2.6 Acid phosphatcrse activity
4.2.7 pH of C serum
4.2.8 Buffer value of C serum
Fig.43. Effect of 6 h stimulation on pH of C-serum in different clonesof Heavea brasiliensis tapped under 1/2s dl7 system
Fig. 45. Effect of 6 hours of stimulation on buffer value of C-serum in different clones of Hevea brasillensista tapped under 1/2s d/7 system
Fig. 46. Effect of 3 hour stimulation on buffer value of C serum in different clones of Hevea brasiliensis tapped under 1/2s d/7 system.
4.3 Clonal Variation in Latex Yield and Associated parameters
4.3.1 Latex Yield
4.3.2 Initial fIow rate
4.3.3 Plugging index
4.3.4 Bursting index
4.3.5 Total solid content
4.3.6 Acid Phosphatase activities
4.3.7pH of Cserum
4.3.8 Buffer value of C serum
4.3.9 Sucrose content
4.3.10 Thiols
Fig. 54 Bound acid phosphotase activity in twelve clones of Hevea brasiliensis under 1/2s d/2 6d/7system of tapping (LSD 0.05= 2.05)
4.3.11 Inorganic phosphorus
4.3.12 Magnesium
4.3.13 CaIcium
4.3. I4 Correlation and path analysis
Fig 59 Sucrose content in latices from twelve clones of Hevea brasiliensis under under 1/2s d/2 6d/7 system of tapping (LSD 0.05= 156.9)
Fig.60 Thiol content in latices from twleve clones from Hevea brasiliensis under 1/2s d/2 6d/7 system of tapping (LSD 0.05=2.25)
Fig.62 Magnesium content in latices from twelve clones of Hevea brasiliensis under 1/2s d/2 6d/7 system of tapping (LSD 0.05=32.9)
4.4 Clonal Variation in Response to Yield Stimulation
4.5 Effects of tapping frequencies
4.5.1.Latex yield
4.5.2 Initial flow rate
4.5.3 Duration of later flow
4.5.4 Plugging index
4.5.5 Total solid content DRC
4.5.6 Bursting index
4.5.7 Acid phosphates activities
4.5.8 Lutoid content of latex
4.5.9 pH of of C serum
4.5.10 Buffer value of C serum
4.5.11 Sucrose content
4.5.12 Inorganic phosphorus
4.5.13 Thiol content
4.5.14 Turgor pressure and osmotic potentirrl
4.5.15 Correlation and path analysis
4.6 Properties of latices exuded at different times after tapping
4.6.1 Total solid content
4.6.2 Bursting index
4.6.3 Acid phosphatase aetivities
4.6.4 Sucrose
4.6.5 Thiols
4.6 6 lnorganic Phosphorus
4.6.7 Lutoid Content
4.6.8 Properties of latex fractions under 1/2 Sd/2 6d/7 tapping system
5 Discussion
6 Summary
REFERENCES