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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Review of Literature
1.4 Objective of the Study
1.5 Hypotheses
1.6 Methodology
1.6.1 Nature of the Study
1.6.2 Data Required
1.6.3 Secondary Data Source
1.6.4 Sampling
1.6.5 Tools for Data Collection
1.6.6 Analysis of Data
1.7 Limitation of the Study
1.8 Chapter Scheme
II. PLANTATION CROPS GENERAL NATURE
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Meaning of Plantations
2.2.1 Rubber
2.2.2 Tea
1 2.1 Area Production and productivity of Natural Rubber in kerala
2 2.2 Area Production and productivity of Tea in Kerala
2.2.3 Cardamom
2.3 Form of Organisations
2.3.1 Rubber
3 2.3 Area Production and productivity of Cardamom in Kerala
2.3.2 Tea
4 2.4 Form of Organisation of Rubber Estates
5 2.5 Form of Organisation of Tea Estates
2.3.3 Cardamom
6 2.6 Form of Organisation of Cardamom Estates
2.3.4 Comparison
2.4 Crops Variety
2.4.1 Rubber
7 2.7 Form of Organisation-Comparison
2.4.2 Tea
2.4.3 Cardamom
8 2.8 Variety of Crops of Cardamom in Kerala
2.5 Area under Cultivation
2.5.1 Rubber
1 2.1 Rubber
2.5.2 Tea
2 2.2 Tea
2.5.3 Cardamom
3 2.3 Cardamom
2.6 Planters Association
2.6.1 Rubber
4 2.4 Membership pattern of Planters Association in Rubber
2.6.2 Tea
5 2.5 Membership pattern of Planters Association in Tea Estates
2.6.3 Cardamom
6 2.6 Membership pattern of Planters Association in Cardamom
III. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PLANTATION
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Need for Human Resource Management
3.1.2 Personnel Management: Growth and Function in India
3.1.3 Objectives of Personnel Development
3.2 Human Resource Management in Plantations
3.2.1 Special Features of Plantation Workers
3.2.2 Recruitment System in Plantations
3.3 Analysis
3.3.1 Employment System in Plantations
9 3.1 Employment system in Rubber Estates
10 3.2 Employment system in Tea Plantations
11 3.3 Employment system in Cardamom Plantations
12 3.4 Employment system in Rubber, Tea, Cardamom
3.3.2 Women Employees in Plantations
13 3.5 Women Employment System in Rubber Estates
14 3.6 Women Employment System in Tea Plantations
15 3.7 Women Employment System in Cardamom Plantations
3.3.3 Nature of Work in Plantations
16 3.8 Women Employment System in plantations crops
17 3.9 Nature of work in Rubber Plantations
18 3.10 Nature of work in Tea Plantations
19 3.11 Nature of work in cardamom Plantations
3.3.4 Training
20 3.12 Nature of work in Rubber, Tea, Cardamom Plantations
21 3.13 Training facilities in Rubber Estates
22 3.14 Training facilities in Tea Estates
23 3.15 Training facilities in Cardamom Estates
24 3.16 Training system in Plantations
3.3.5 Supervisory Staff in Plantations
25 3.17 Supervisory Staff in Rubber Estates
26 3.18 Supervisory Staff in Tea Estates
27 3.19 Supervisory Staff in Cardamom Estates
3.3.6 The Personnel Department
28 3.20 Supervisory Staff in Rubber, Tea, Cardamom
3.3.7 Personnel Department in Plantations
29 3.21 Personnel Department structure in Rubber Estates
30 3.22 Personnel Department structure in Tea Estates
31 3.23 Personnel Department structure in Cardamom Estates
32 3.24 Personnel Department structure in Rubber, Tea, Cardamom Estates
3.3.8 Wage policy and Incentive Schemes
33 3.25 Incentive Schemes in Rubber Plantations
34 3.26 Incentive Schemes in Tea Estates
35 3.27 Incentive Schemes in Cardamom Estates
36 3.28 Incentive Schemes in Plantations
3.3.9 Other facilities Benefits in Plantations
37 3.29 Other benefits/ Facilities in Rubber Estates
38 3.30 Other benefits/ Facilities Provided by Tea Plantations
39 3.31 Other benefits/ Facilities in Cardamom Estates
40 3.32 Other benefits/ Facilities in Plantations
3.3.10 Trade unionism
41 3.33 Trade Union Influence in Rubber Estates
42 3.34 Trade Union Influence in Tea Plantations
43 3.35 Trade Union Influence in Cardamom Plantations
44 3.36 Trade union in Plantations
3.3.11 Employees required for Land Preparation
3.3.12 Sources of Employees
45 3.37 Source of Employment in Rubber Estates
46 3.38 Source of Employment in Tea Estates
47 3.39 Source of Employment in Cardamom Estates
48 3.40 Source of Employment system in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
3.3.13 Strike / Labour disputes in Plantations
49 3.41 Strike/ Lock-out/ Other dispute in Rubber Estates
50 3.42 Strike/ Other dispute in Tea Estates
51 3.43 Strike/ Lock-out/ Other Labour dispute in Cardamom Estates
52 3.44 Strike/ Lock-out/ Other dispute in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
3.3.14 Scientific HRM and Productivity
53 3.45 Correlation between HRM and Productivity in Rubber Estates
54 3.46 Correlation between Scientific FIRM and Productivity in Tea Estates
55 3.47 Correlation between FIRM and Productivity in Cardamom Estates
3.3.15 Scientific HRM in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
56 3.48 Scientific Human Resource Management in Plantations
IV. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN PLANTATIONS
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Meaning and Objectives of Financial Management
4.1.2 Financial Planning
4.2 Financial Management in Plantations
4.2.1 Need for Financial Assistance in Plantations
4.2.2 Financing Pattern of Plantations
4.2.3 Major Development expenses in Plantations
4.3 Analysis
4.3.1 Capital Employed in Plantations
57 4.1 Capital Employed in Rubber Plantations
58 4.2 Capital pattern in Tea Plantations
S9 4.3 Capital pattern in Rubber Plantations
4.3.2 Working Capital System in Plantations
60 4.4 Capital Requirements in Plantations
61 4.5 Working Capital system in Rubber Estates
62 4.6 Working Capital system in Tea Estates
63 4.7 Working Capital Management in Cardamom Estates
4.3.3 Major Investment in Plantations
64 4.8 Working Capital system in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
65 4.9 Investment pattern in rubber Plantations
66 4.10 Major Investments in Tea Plantations
67 4.11 Investment pattern in Cardamom Plantations
4.3.4 Development Schemes and Financial Assistance in Plantations
68 4.12 Investment Pattern in Plantations
69 4.13 Subsidy schemes / assistance in Rubber Plantations
70 4.14 Development Scheme/ Assistance in Tea Plantations
71 4.15 Subsidy schemes/ assistance in Cardamom Plantations
72 4.16 Subsidy schemes/ assistance in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom Plantations
4.3.5 Current Asset Management in Plantations
73 4.17 Current Asset Management System in Rubber Estates
74 4.18 Current Asset Management System in Tea Estates
75 4.19 Current Asset Management System in Cardamom Estates
4.3.6 Financial Department and Financial Manager in Plantations
76 4.20 Current Asset Management System in Plantations
77 4.21 Financial Department structure in Rubber Plantations
78 4.22 Financial Department structure in Tea Plantations
79 4.23 Financial Department structure in Cardamom Plantations
4.3.7 Scientific Financial Management and Productivity
80 4.24 Financial Department structure in Plantations
81 4.25 Correlation between scientific financial Management and Productivity in Rubber estates
82 4.26 Correlation between scientific financial Management and Productivity in Tea estates
83 4.27 Correlation between scientific financial Management and Productivity in Cardamom estates
4.3.8 Scientific Financial Management in Plantations
84 4.28 Scientific Financial Management in Plantations
V. MARKETING MANAGEMENT IN PLANTATIONS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Modern Marketing Concept
5.3 Market, Marketing and Marketing Management
5.3.1 Market
5.3.2 Marketing
5.3.3 Marketing Management
5.4 Functions of Marketing
5.5 Marketing Management in Plantations
5.6 Analysis
5.6.1 Selling Forms of the Plantations Crops
85 5.1 Selling form of Rubber
86 5.2 Selling form of Tea
87 5.3 Selling form of Cardamom
88 5.4 Selling form in Plantations
5.6.2 Selling Pattern in Plantations
89 5.5 Selling Pattern in Rubber Plantations
90 5.6 Selling Pattern in Tea Plantations
91 5.7 Selling Pattern in Cardamom Plantations
92 5.8 Selling Pattern in Plantations
5.6.3 Annual Sales in Plantations
93 5.9 Annual Sales in Rubber Plantations
94 5.10 Annual Sales in Tea Plantations
95 5.11 Annual Sales in Cardamom Plantations
5.6.4 Advertising
96 5.12 Annual Sales in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
97 5.13 Advertisement in Rubber Plantations
98 5.14 Advertisement system in Tea Estates
99 5.15 Advertisement system in Cardamom Estates
100 5.16 Advertisement system in Plantations
5.6.5 Marketing Department in Plantations
101 5.17 Marketing Department in Rubber Estates
102 5.18 Marketing Department in Tea Estates
103 5.19 Marketing Department in Cardamom
5.6.6 Export Trade
104 5.20 Marketing Department Structure in Plantations
105 5.21 Export in Rubber Estates
106 5.22 Export in Tea Estate
107 5.23 Export in Plantations
5.6.7 Scientific Marketing Management and Productivity in Plantations
108 5.24 Scientific marketing Management and the Productivity in Rubber Estates
109 5.25 Scientific marketing Management and the Productivity in Tea Estates
110 5.26 Scientific marketing Management and the Productivity in Cardamom Estates
5.6.8 Scientific Marketing Management in Plantations
111 5.27 Scientific Marketing, Management in Plantations
VI. CROP MANAGEMENT IN PLANTATIONS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Rubber
6.2.1 Propagation
6.2.2 Bud Grafting
6.2.3 Tissue Culture
6.2.4 Cover Crop
6.2.5 Tapping
6.2.6 Weed Control
6.2.7. Weed Control
6.3 Tea
6.3.1 Nature and Speciality of Tea Pants
6.3.2 Shade
6.3.3 Tea Plucking
6.3.4 Methods of Leaf plucking
6.3.5 Seed Collection and Selection
6.3.6 Planning Distance
6.3.7 Mulching
6.3.8 Training
6.4 Cardamom
6.4.1 Propagation
6.4.2 Planting Management
6.4.3 Planting
6.4.4 Weed Control
6.4.5 Irrigation
6.4.6 Trashing
6.5. Analysis
6.5.1 Production and Productivity
112 6.1 Annual Production of Rubber Estates
113 6.2 Annual Production and Productivity of Tea Plantations
114 6.3 Annual Production and Productivity of Cardamom Plantations
115 6.4 Production and Productivity of Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
6.5.2 Nurseries in Plantations
116 6.5 Nurseries in Rubber Plantations
117 6.6 Nurseries in Tea Plantations
118 6.7 Nurseries in Cardamom Plantations
6.5.3 Replanting Duration
119 6.8 Nursery System in Plantations
120 6.9 Life span of Rubber Plantations
121 6.10 Life span of Tea Plants
122 6.11 Life span of Cardamom
123 6.12 Life span of Plantations
6.5.4 New Planting
124 6.13 New Planting Rubber Estates
125 6.14 New Planting Tea Estates
126 6.15 New plantations in Cardamom
127 6.16 New Plantations in Rubber, Tea and Cardamom
6.5.5 Fertiliser Requirements
6.5.6 Major Disease.
128 6.17 Disease influence in Rubber Estates
129 6.18 Disease influence in Tea Estates
130 6.19 Disease influence in Cardamom Plantations
6.5.7 Soil and Climatic Conditions
6.5.8 Planting Methods
131 6.20 Methods of Planting in Rubber Plantations
132 6.21 Planting Methods in Cardamom Plantations
6.5.9 Water Management System Plantations
133 6.22 Water Management System in Rubber Estates
134 6.23 Water Management System in Tea Estates
135 6.24 Water Management System in Cardamom Plantations
136 6.25 Water Management System in Plantations
6.5.10 Disease Management System in Plantations
137 6.26 Disease Management System in Rubber Plantations
138 6.27 Disease Management System in Tea Plantations
139 6.28 Disease Management System in Cardamom Plantation,
140 6.29 Disease Management System in Plantations
6.5.11 Scientific Crop Management in Plantations
141 6.30 Scientific crop Management and Productivity in Rubber Estates
142 6.31 Scientific crop Management and Productivity in Tea Estates
143 6.32 Scientific crop Management and Productivity in Cardamom Estates
6.5.12 Scientific Crop Management in Plantations
144 6.33 Scientific crop Management in Plantations
VII. CONCLUSION
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Plantation Crops-general Nature
7.3 Human Resource Management
7.4 Financial Management
7.5 Marketing Management
7.6 Crop Management
7.7 Suggestions
7.8 Conclusion
REFERENCE LIST
APPENDIX I Questionnaire for Collecting Information From Planters / Owners of the Estates
APPENDIX 2A Questionnaire for Collecting Information From Employee / supervisory Staff of Tea Estate Relating to the Present Crisis
APPENDIX 2B Present Crisis of Tea Plantations in Kerala
APPENDIX 2C Interview with the Manager-Lonetree Estate, Cheenthalar Group, Peermade Tea Company, Ealappara
APPENDIX 3 Multiple Regression Results
APPENDIX 4 Sample List