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Title
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
Introduction
Materials and methods
Observations
MALVACEAE
Tribe Decaschistieae
Decaschistia Wight & Arn.
Decaschistia crotonifolia Wight & Arn.
Decaschistia rufa Craib.
Decaschistia trilobata Wight.
Tribe Gossypieae
Gossypium L.
Gossypium arboreum L.
Gossypium barbadense L.
Gossypium herbaceum L.
Thespesia soland. ex Corr.
Thespesia lampas Cav.
Thespesia populnea L.
Tribe. Hibisceae
Abelrnoschus Medik.
Abelrnoschus angulosus Wall. ex Wt.& Am.
Abelrnoschus esculentus (L) Moench.
Abelrnoschus ficulneus (L) Wt. & Am.
Abelrnoschus rnanihot (L) Medik.
Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Fioria Mattei.
Fioria vitifolia L. (Morphotype I)
Fioria vitifolia (Morphotype II)
Hibiscus L.
Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex Hiern.
Hibiscus canescens Heyne ex Wall.
Hibiscus hirtus L.
Hibiscus hispidissimus Griffith. (Morphotype I)
Hibiscus hispidissirnus (Morphotype II)
Hibiscus hispidissimus (Morphotype Ill)
Hibiscus hispidissimus (Morphotype IV)
Hibiscus jurcatus L.
Hibiscus lintus L.
Hibiscus lobatus (Murray) Kuntze. (Morphotype I)
Hibiscus lobatus (Morphotype 11)
Hibiscus lunariifolius Willd.
Hibiscus micranthus L.
Hibiscus mutabilis L.
Hibiscus ovalifolius Vahl.
Hibiscus panduriformis Burrn. f.
Hibiscus platanifolius (Willd) Sweet.
Hibiscus radiatus Cav.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
Hibiscus sreenarayanianus Anil & Ravi.
Hibiscus surattensis L.
Hibiscus syriacus L.
Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
Hibiscus trionum L.
Kydia Roxb.
Kydia calycina Roxb.
Tribe Malvavisceae
Malachra L.
Malachra capitata L.
Malvaviscus Fabr.
Malvaviscus penduliflorus DC., Prodr. (Morphotype I)
Malvaviscus penduliflorus (Morphotype II)
Pavonia cav.
Pavonia burchellii (DC) Dyer.
Pavonia odorata Willd.
Urena L.
Urena lobata L.
Urena sinuata L.
Tribe. Malveae
Abutilon Miller.
Abutilon hirturn (Lam.) Sweet.
Abutilon hybridurn L.
Abutilon indicum (L) Sweet (Morphotype I)
Abutilon indicurn (Morphotype II)
Abutilon megapotamicum St. Hil & Naud.
Abutilon neelgerrense (Munro ex wt.)
Abutilon pannosum (Forster. F.)
Abutilon persicurn (Burrn.f.) (Morphotype 1)
Abutilon persicurn (Morphotype II)
Abutilon rarnosurn Cav.
Abutilon striaturn Dickson ex Lindl.
Alcea L.
Althaea rosea L.
Lavatera L.
Lavatera rosea L.
Herissantia Medik.
Herissantia crispa L.
Malva L.
Malva parviflora L.
Malva verticillata L.
Malvastrurn A. Gray.
Malvastrum corornandelianum L.
Modiola Moench.
Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don.
Sida L.
Sida acuta Burm.f.
Sida alnifolia L.
Sida beddomei K. C. Jacob.
Sida codophia L.
Sida cordata Burm.f. (Morphotype 1)
Sida cordata (Morphotype 11)
Sida cordata (Morphotype Ill)
Sida cordifolia L.
Sida cuneifolia Roxb.
Sida elongata Blume.
Sida fryxellii Sivarajan et Pradeep.
Sida linifolia Cav.
Sida mysorensis Wight 8 Am. (Morphotype I)
Sida mysorensis (Morphotype II)
Sida ovata Forssk.
Sida ravii Siv et Anil.
Sida repens Dombey ex Cav.
Sida rhombifolia L.
Sida scabrida Wt. & Arn.
Sida schimperiana Hochst.
Sida spinosa L.
BOMBACACEAE
Tribe Adansonieae
Bombax L.
Bombax ceiba L.
Bombax scopulorum Dunn.
Tribe Ceibeae
Ceiba Miller.
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Morphotype I)
Ceiba pentandra (Morphotype II)
Tribe Durioneae
Cullenia Wight.
Cullenia exarillata A Robeyns.
STERCULIACEAE
Tribe Sterculieae
Sterculia L.
Sterculia balanghas L.
Sterculia carnpanulata Wall.
Sterculia foeitida L.
Sterculia guttata Roxb.
Sterculia urens Roxb.
Sterculia villosa Roxb.
Firrniana Marsili.
Firmiana colorata Roxb.
Pterocymbiurn R. Br.
Pterocymbiurn javanicum R. Br
Cola P. Beaub. Schott. B Endlicher.
Cola acuminata Schott.
Heritiera Aiton.
Heritiera littoralis Dyand.
Heritiera papilio Bedd.
Tribe Helictereae
Kieinhovia L.
Kleinhovia hospita L.
Helicteres L.
Helicteres isora L.
Pterosperrnurn Schreber.
Pterosperrnum diversifoliurn BI.
Pterospermum rubiginosum Heyne.
Pterospermum suberifolium Lam.
Tribe Dom beyeae
Dombeya Cav.
Dombeya calantha Cav.
Dombeya nehalensis Cav.
Dombeya spectabilis Bojer.
Melhania Forsskal.
Melhania incana Heyne ex Wight & Am.
Tribe Hermannieae
Melochia L.
Melochia corchorifolia.L.
Melochia indica L.
Melochia nodiflora L.
Waltheria L.
Waltheria Americana L.
Waltheria indica L.
Tribe Buttnerieae
Theobroma L.
Theobroma cacoa L.
Guazuma Miller.
Guazuma tomentosa Kunth.
Leptonychia Turcz.
Leptonychia caudata Turcz.
Leptonychia moacurroides Bedd.
TILIACEAE
Tribe Brownlowieae
Berrya Roxb.
Berrya ammonilla Roxb.
Berrya cordifolia (Willd) Burrett.
Tribe Grewieae
Grewia L.
Grewia bracteata Heyne ex Roth.
Grewia damine Gaertner.
Grewia disperma Rottler.
Grewia heterotricha Masters.
Grewia laevigata Vahl.
Grewia lanceaefolia Roxb.
Grewia nervosa Lour. (Morphotype I)
Grewia nervosa (Morphotype II)
Grewia nervosa (Morphotype Ill)
Grewia oppositifolia Buch. Ham ex DC. (Morphotype I)
Grewia oppositifolia (Morphotype II)
Grewia orientalis L.
Grewia rothii DC.
Grewia serrulata DC.
Grewia tenax Forsskal.
Grewia tiliifolia Vahl.
Grewia urnbellifera Bedd.
Triumfetta L.
Triumfetta annua L.
Triumfetta pentandra A Rich.
Triumfetta pilosa Roth.
Triumfetta rhornboidea Jacq.
Tribe Tilieae
Corchorus L.
Corchorus aestuans L. (Morphotype I)
Corchorus aestuans (Morphotype II)
Corchorus capsularis L.
Corchorus olitorius L.
Corchorus trilocularis L.
Muntingia L.
Muntingia calabura L.
DISCUSSION
1 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(a) Aperture morphoform
(B) EXlNE SURFACE PATTERN
(c) Exine stratification
(d) Pollen size
(e) Pollen shape
2 Pollen dimorphism
(a) Aperture number
(b) Ora
c) Exine thickness and ornamentation
(d) Colour dimorphism
(e) Grain size
3 Pollen morphology and Taxonomy
(a) Malvaceae
(b) Bombacaceae
(c) Sterculiaceae
(d) Tiliaceae
4 Morphological Evolution of Pollen Grains
Evolution of aperture
(A) Malvaceae
(B) Bombacaceae
(C) STERCULIACEAE
(D) TILIACEAE
5 SYSTEMATIC CONSIDERATION
Summary
References
Explanations of figures
APPENDIX 1